Cinema Of The Philippines - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4880 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/24 Category Art Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The Philippine cinema is the youngest of the Philippine arts, and still is considered as one of the popular forms of entertainment among the Filipinos. It directly employs some 260,000 Filipinos and generates around PHP 1. 5 billion revenues annually. [1] Contents [hide] 1 Overview 2 History 2. 1 Origins 2. 2 American period 2. 3 World War II and Japanese occupation 2. 4 1950s 2. 5 1960s 2. 6 1970s to early 1980s 2. 7 Contemporary period 2. 7. 1 Late 1980s to 1990s 2. 7. 2 2000 and beyond 3 See also 4 References 5 External links [edit]Overview The advent of cinema in the Philippines can be traced back to the early days of filmmaking in 1897, when a Spanish theater owner named Francisco Pertierra screened imported moving pictures and showed them at No. 12 Escolta, Manila. The formative years of Philippine cinema, starting from the 1930s, were a time of discovering film as a new medium of expressing artworks. Scripts and characterizations in films came from the popular theat er shows and familiar local literature. Nationalistic films were also quite popular, although they were labeled as being too subversive. The 1940s and the war brought to the Philippine cinema the consciousness of reality. Movie themes consisting primarily of war and heroism had proven to be a huge hit among local audience. The 1950s saw the first golden age of Philippine cinema,[2][3] with the emergence of more artistic and mature films, and significant improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers. The studio system produced frenetic activity in the local film industry as many films were made annually and several local talents started to earn recognition abroad. Award-giving bodies were first instituted during this period. When the decade was drawing to a close, the studio system monopoly came under siege as a result of labor-management conflicts, and by the 1960s, the artistry established in the previous years was already on a decline. This era can be characterized by rampant commercialism, fan movies, soft porn films, action flicks, and western spin-offs. The 1970s and 1980s were considered as turbulent years of the industry, bringing both positive and negative changes. The films in this period now dealt with more serious topics following the Martial Law era. In addition, action and sex films developed further introducing more explicit pictures. These years also brought the arrival of alternative or independent cinema in the Philippines. The 1990s saw the emerging popularity of massacre movies, teen-oriented romatic comedies, as well as anatomy-baring adult films, although slapsticks still draw a large audience. Genres of previous decades had been recycled with almost the same stories, and love teams, which had been popular in the past, had become reincarnated. [3] The Philippines, being one of Asias earliest film industry, remains undisputed in terms of the highest level of theater admission in Southeast Asia. Over the years, however, th e film industry has registered a steady decline in the movie viewership from 131 million in 1996 to 63 million in 2004. [4][5] From a high of 200 films a year during the 1980s, the countrys film industry was down to making a total of new 56 films in 2006 and around 30 in 2007. [4][5] Although the industry has undergone turbulent times, the 21st century saw the rebirth of independent filmmaking through the use of digital technology, and a number of films have once again earned international recognition and prestige. [edit]History [edit]Origins Life in the Philippines Culture Cuisine Dance Demographics Economy Education Higher education Film Holidays Languages Literature Martial arts Music Politics Religion Sports Tourism Transport v †¢ d †¢ e On January 1, 1897, the first four movies namely, Un Homme Au Chapeau (Man with a Hat), Une scene de danse Japonaise (Scene from a Japanese Dance), Les Boxers (The Boxers), and La Place de L Opera (The Place L Opera), were shown via 60 mm Gaumont Chrono-photograph projector at the Salon de Pertierra at No. 12 Escolta in Manila. The venue was formerly known as the Phonograph Parlor on the ground floor of the Casino Espanol at Calle Perez, off the Escolta. Other countries, such as France, England, and Germany had their claims to the introduction of publicly projected motion picture in the Philippines, although Petierra was given the credit to this by most historians and critics. [6] Antonio Ramos, a Spanish soldier from Aragon, was able to import a Lumiere Cinematograph from Paris, including 30 film titles, out of his savings and the financial banking of two Swiss entrepreneurs, Liebman and Peritz. By August 1897, Liebman and Peritz presented the first movies on the Lumiere Cinematograph in Manila. The cinema was set up at Escolta, corner San Jacinto, the hall formerly occupied by the Ullman Jewelry shop. A test preview was presented to a limited number of guests on August 28. The inaugural show was presen ted to the general public the next day, August 29, 1897. [6]. Documentary films showing recent events as well as natural calamities in Europe were shown in Manila. [3] During the first three weeks, Ramos had a selection of ten different films to show, but by the fourth week, he was forced to shuffle the 30 films in various combinations to produce new programs. These were four viewing sessions, every hour on the hour, from 6:00 P. M. to 10:00 P. M. After three months, attendance began to slacken for failure to show any new feature. They transferred the viewing hall to a warehouse in Plaza Goiti and reduced the admission fees. By the end of November, the movie hall closed down. [6] In order to attract patronage, using the Lumiere as a camera, Ramos locally filmed Panorama de Manila (Manila landscape), Fiesta de Quiapo (Quiapo Fiesta), Puente de Espana (Bridge of Spain), and Escenas Callejeras (Street scenes), in 1898. Aside from Ramos, there were other foreigners who left documenta ry evidences of their visits to the Philippines. Burton Holmes, father of the Travelogue, who made the first of several visits in 1899, made the Battle of Baliwag; Kimwood Peters shot the Banawe Rice Terraces; and, Raymond Ackerman of American Biography and Mutoscope filmed Filipino Cockfight and the Battle of Mt. Arayat. [6] [edit]American period Film showing in the Philippines resumed in 1900 when a British entrepreneur named Walgrah opened the Cine Walgrah at No. 60 Calle Santa Rosa in Intramuros. The second movie house was opened in 1902 by a Spanish entrepreneur, Samuel Rebarber, who called his building, Gran Cinematografo Parisien, located at No. 0 Calle Crespo in Quiapo. In 1903, Jose Jimenez, a stage backdrop painter, set up the first Filipino-owned movie theater, the Cinematograpo Rizal in Azcarraga street, in front of Tutuban Train Station. [6] In the same year, a movie market was formally created in the country along with the arrival of silent movies and American colon ialism. [3] The silent films were always accompanied by gramophone, a piano, or a quartet, or when Caviria was shown at the Manila Grand Opera House, a 200 man choir. 6] In 1905, Herbert Wyndham, shot scenes at the Manila Fire Department; Albert Yearsly shot the Rizal Day Celebration in Luneta 1909; in 1910, the Manila Carnival; in 1911, the Eruption of Mayon Volcano; the first Airplane Flight Over Manila by Bud Mars and the Fires of Tondo, Pandacan and Paco; and, in 1912, the Departure of the Igorots to Barcelona and the Typhoon in Cebu. [6] These novelty films, however, did not capture the hearts of the audience because they were about the foreigners. 3] The Philippine Commission recognized early the potential of cinema as a tool of communication and information, so that in 1909, the Bureau of Science bought a complete filmmaking unit and laboratory from Pathe, and sent its chief photographer, the American, Charles Martin, to France to train for a year. When Martin completed his t raining, he resolved to document, in motion pictures, the varied aspects of the Philippines. In 1910, the first picture with sound reached Manila, using the Chronophone. A British film crew also visited the Philippines, and filmed, among other scenes, the Pagsanjan Falls (Oriental) in 1911 in kinemakolor. 6] In 1912, New York and Hollywood film companies started to establish their own agencies in Manila to distribute films. [6] In the same year, two American entrepreneurs made a film about the execution of Jose Rizal, and aroused a strong curiosity among Filipino moviegoers. This led to the making of the first Filipino film. [3] By 1914, the US colonial government was already using films as a vehicle for information, education, propaganda and entertainment. The Bureau of Science tackled subjects designed to present an accurate picture of the Philippines before the American public, particularly the US Congress. By 1915, the best European and American films were shown in Philippine theaters. When World War I (1914–1918) choked off the production of European studios, Manila theater managers turned to US for new film products. With the variety they offered, American films quickly dominated the Philippine film market. [6] The first film produced by a Filipino is Samuel llagass Dalagang Bukid (Country Maiden) in 1919. This film was based on a highly-acclaimed musical play by Hemogenes Ilagan and Pollux . [3] Pre-war films were produced by wealthy Spaniards, American businessmen, and Filipino landlords and politicians. Early filmmakers, even with meager capital, followed some of the genres provided by Hollywood movies. The main sources of movie themes during this period were theater pieces from popular dramas or zarzuelas. Another source of movie themes at that time was the Philippine Literature. Ironically, the people who helped the film industry develop and flourish were also the same people who suppressed its artistic expression by inhibiting movie th emes that would establish radical political views among the Filipinos. Instead, love and reconciliation between members of different classes of people were encouraged to become movie themes. 3] In 1929, the Syncopation, the first American sound film, was shown in Radio theater in Plaza Santa Cruz in Manila. [6] By 1930s, a few film artists and producers deviated from the norms and presented sociopolitical movies. Julian Manansala’s film Patria Amore (Beloved Country) was almost suppressed because of its anti-Spanish sentiments. During the same period, the first sound film in Tagalog entitled Ang Aswang, a monster movie inspired by Philippine folklore, was shown. But the film apparently did not turn out to be a completely sound film. 6] Jose Nepomucenos Punyal na Guinto (Golden Dagger), which premiered on March 9, 1933, at the Lyric theater, was credited as the first completely sound movie to all-talking picture in the country. [6] Carmen Concha, the first female director in t he country, also ventured into filmmaking, and she directed Magkaisang Landas and Yaman ng Mahirap in 1939 under Parlatone, and Pangarap in 1940 under LVN. [7] Despite fierce competition with Hollywood movies, the Filipino film industry grew relatively bigger. When the 1930s drew to a close, the Filipino film industry was already well-established and local moviestars acquired a huge fan-base. Some popular movie stars of the pre-war era include: Brian Soria Fernando Royo Ben Rubio Rolando Liwanag Exequiel Segovia Ben Perez Teddy Benavides Manuel Barbeyto Ernesto la Guardia Jaime G. Castellvi Alfonso Carvajal Jose Troni Nardo Vercudia Andres Centenera Fermin Barva Fernando Poe Nati Rubi Etang Discher Patring (Monang) Carvajal Naty Bernardo [edit]World War II and Japanese occupation During the Japanese Occupation, filmmaking was suddenly put to a halt. The Japanese brought with them their own films, but this was not appealing to the local audience. For this reason, Japanese propa ganda offices hired several local filmmakers, including Gerardo de Leon, to make propaganda pictures that extoll Filipino-Japanese friendship. One of these propaganda films was the Dawn of Freedom, which was directed by Abe Yutaka and Gerardo de Leon. [3] It was during this time that the popular comedy duo Pugo and Togo was renamed Tuguing and Puguing. This was because Togo sounded too similar to Tojo, the name of the Prime Minister of Japan during the early 1940s. During World War II, almost all actors depended on stage shows only, mostly on major Manila movie theaters, to provide for their livelihood. Live theater began to thrive again as movie stars, directors and technicians returned to the stage. [edit]1950s Bundles of 35-mm films of several old movies being kept by the Mowelfund at the Movie Museum of the Philippines in Quezon City. After World War II, the Philippine version of a war movie had emerged as a genre. The audience were hungry for films with patriotic themes. Fil ms such as Garrison 13 (1946), Dugo ng Bayan (The Country’s Blood) (1946), Walang Kamatayan (Deathless) (1946), and Guerilyera (1946), narrated the horrors of the war and the heroism of the soldiers and guerillas. 3] The 1950s was the so-called first golden age of Philippine cinema, mainly because at this time, the Big Four studios (LVN Pictures, Sampaguita Pictures, Premiere Productions and Lebran International) were at the height of their powers in filmmaking, having employed master directors like Gerardo de Leon, Eddie Romero and Cesar Gallardo and housing the biggest stars of the industry that day. The Big Four has been also churning out an estimated total of 350 films a year. This number made the Philippines second only to Japan in terms of film productions a year, which made it one of the busiest and bustling film communities in Asia. Nevertheless, Hollywood still has its grips on the Filipino audience mainly because all those 350 films are only shown in two theaters , namely Dalisay and Life theaters in Manila. The premiere directors of the era were (but not limited to): Gerardo de Leon Gregorio Fernandez Eddie Romero Lamberto Avellana Armando Garces Cirio Santiago Cesar Gallardo The biggest stars of the era were (but not limited to): Rogelio de la Rosa Jaime de la Rosa Carmen Rosales Jose Padilla, Jr. Arsenia Francisco Ben Perez Ben Rubio Fred Penalosa Rosa del Rosario Paraluman Oscar Moreno Carlos Salazar Manuel Conde Tony Santos Fred Montilla Oscar Keese Bert Olivar Anita Linda Carol Varga Evelyn Villar Tessie Agana Linda Estrella Alicia Vergel Cesar Ramirez Ruben Rustia Lauro Delgado Eddie Garcia Gloria Romero Nida Blanca Nestor de Villa Luis Gonzales Van de Leon Gil de Leon Mila del Sol Rita Gomez Lolita Rodriguez Charito Solis Rosa Mia Rosa Rosal Delia Razon Eddie del Mar Efren Reyes, Sr. Johnny Reyes Nena Cardenas Chichay Tolindoy Bayani Casimiro Bentot (Cosca) Vicente Liwanay Pugo Tugo Patsy (Pachochay) Lopito Tugak Pugak Billy Surot Vizcarra Chiquito Oscar Obligacion Dely Atayatayan Andoy Balumbalunan Levi Celerio Zaldy Zshornack The Big Four studios produced most of the notable films of Philippine cinema during this era. Roberta (1951) of Sampaguita Pictures, featuring child stars, was a phenomenal success at that time. LVN Pictures, under the leadership of the grandmotherly Dona Sisang de Leon, specialized in superproductions, rural comedies and musicals, but also produced socially-relevant films such as Avellanas Anak Dalita (1956), Tony Santoss Badjao (1957) and Manuel Siloss Biyaya ng Lupa (1959). Sampaguita Pictures mainly produced high-gloss, glamorous pictures such as Maalaala Mo Kaya (1954). On the other hand Premiere Productions released most of the action films of the decade, such as Sawa sa Lumang Simboryo (1952), Salabusab (1954) and Huwag Mo Akong Limutin (1960). Due to the high production values of the motion pictures during this era, these movies started to win awards internationally. In 1952, Manuel Condes Genghis Khan became the first Asian film to be shown in the Venice Film Festival and Cannes Film Festival, a feat that would not be defeated until the 1970s. Inspired by Condes picture, Hollywood remade Genghis Khan, with John Wayne as its lead actor. 3][6] In 1956, Anak Dalita copped the Golden Harvest Award (Best Picture) of the prestigious Asia-Pacific Film Festival. In addition, the stars of these productions also won international awards. Lilia Dizon, for example, may have not romped away with the FAMAS Best Actress Award fo the time, but the prince of Cambodia, Norodom Sihanouk, presented her with the Best Actress Award from the Asia-Pacific Film Festival in 1954. Leroy Salvador was also recognized in his performance as Best Supporting Actor for the film Huk sa Bagong Pamumuhay (1953) in the Asia-Pacific Film Festival. During this era, the first award-giving bodies were also established. The first award-giving body, the Maria Clara Awards of the Manila T imes Publishing, Inc, was composed of film publicists and writers who voted for the exemplary achievements of Filipino motion pictures for a certain calendar year. In 1953, the Maria Clara folded up to give way to the establishment of the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences (FAMAS), the Philippines answer to the United States Academy Awards. With this, the Philippines set a trend in Asian cinema; FAMAS was the first film industry award-giving body in Asia. FAMAS has awarded its most coveted Best Picture Award to the following films: 1952 Sawa sa Lumang Simboryo (Premiere Productions and M. J. Vistan Productions) 1953 Huk sa Bagong Pamumuhay (LVN Pictures) 1954 Salabusab (Premiere Productions) 1955 Higit sa Lahat (LVN Pictures) 1956 Luksang Tagumpay (LVN Pictures) 1957 Kalibre . 45 (Premiere Productions) 1958 Hanggang sa Dulo ng Daigdig (Premiere Productions) 1959 Biyaya ng Lupa (LVN Pictures) During this period, Filipinos seen Hollywoods first full length picture in livin g technicolor. Filipino local producers presented too, during this period, their own full length pictures in color in spite of some technical deficiency, and one of which, was Prinsipe Amante (Prince Amante). [6] [edit]1960s Characterized by the so-called bomba pictures, James Bond and western spin-offs. It was also the era of musical films starred by mostly Sampaguita Pictures discoveries. The studio systems came under siege from the growing labor movement, which resulted in labor-management conflicts. The first studio to close was Lebran followed by Premiere Productions. Next came Sampaguita and LVN. The Big Four studios were replaced by new and independent producers like Regal Films, which was established by Lily Monteverde in 1962. The decade also saw the emergence of the youth revolution best represented by the Beatles and the rock and roll. As a result of this, certain movie genres were made to cater to this revolt. Fan movies and teen love team-ups emerged, showing Nora Aunor and Vilma Santos, along with Tirso Cruz III and Edgar Mortiz as their respective screen sweethearts. In addition, movie genres showing disaffection to the status quo during the era were also popular. Action movies with Pinoy cowboys and secret agents as the movers of the plots depicted a society ravaged by criminality and corruption. [3] Another kind of youth revolt, implying rejection of adult corruption, came in the form of movies featuring child stars. At the end of this decade, another movie genre that embodied a different form of revolt took centerstage. Soft porn movies, more popularly known as bomba films, increasingly became popular, and these films were described as a direct challenge to the conventions, norms and conduct of the society. Even in the period of decline, several Philippine films that stood out. These include the following films by Gerardo de Leon: Noli Me Tangere (Touch me Not) in 1961; El Filibusterismo (Subversion) in 1962; Huwag mo Akong Limuti n (Never Forget Me) in 1960; and, Kadenang Putik (Chain of Mud) in 1960. During this period, Filipino filmmakers became successful in presenting some full length pictures in living Eastmancolor, one of which was Ito ang Pilipino by J. E. Production. This movie was produced and starred by Joseph Estrada himself. 6] [edit]1970s to early 1980s Touted as the second golden age of Philippine cinema, this was the period of the avant-garde filmmakers. At the turn of the 70s, local producers and filmmakers ceased to produce pictures in black and white. [3][6] The promotional poster of the movie, Kapantay Ay Langit, which won three awards in the 1971 Manila Film Festival, including Best Movie Theme Song for George Cansecos originalcomposition of the same title. In 1972, the Philippines was placed under the martial rule, and films were used as propagandastic vehicles. Marcos and his technocrats sought to regulate filmmaking through the creation of the Board of Censors for Motion Pictures (B CMP). Prior to the start of filming, a finished script was required to be submitted to the Board and incorporate the ideology of the New Society such as, a new sense of discipline, uprightness and love of country. Annual festivals was revived during this period, and bomba films as well as political movies critical of the Marcos administration were banned. [3] In spite of the censorship, the exploitation of sex and violence onscreen continued to assert itself. Under martial law, action films usually append to the ending an epilogue claiming that the social realities depicted had been wiped out with the establishment of the New Society. The notorious genre of sex or bomba films that appeared in the preceding decade was still around although it merely showed female stars swimming in their underwear, taking a bath in their chemise, or being chased and raped in a river, sea, or under a waterfall. Such movies were called the wet look. One uch movie was the talked-about Ang Pinakamagan dang Hayop sa Balat ng Lupa (The Most Beautiful Animal on the Face of the Earth) in 1974 starring former Miss Universe Gloria Diaz. [3] In spite of the presence of censorship, this period paved way to the ascendancy of a new breed of directors. Some of the notable films during this era are as follows: Lino Brocka Tubog sa Ginto (1970) Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang (1974) Maynila: Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag (1975) Insiang (1976) Ishmael Bernal Pagdating sa Dulo (1971) Manila by Night (1980) Himala (1982) Mike de Leon Itim (1976) Sister Stella L (1984) Peque Gallaga Oro, Plata, Mata (1982) In 1977, an unknown Filipino filmmaker going by the name of Kidlat Tahimik made a film entitled Mababangong Bangungot (Perfumed Nightmare), which won the International Critic’s Prize in the Berlin Film Festival that same year. Out of short film festivals sponsored by the University of the Philippines Film Center and by the Experimental Cinema of the Philippines, young filmmakers joined Kidlat Tah imik by distancing themselves from the traditions of mainstream cinema. Nick De ocampo’s Oliver (1983) and Raymond Red’s Ang Magpakailanman (The Eternal, 1983) have received attention in festivals abroad. In 1981, as mandated by Executive Order No. 640-A, the Film Academy of the Philippines was enacted, serving as the umbrella organization that oversees the welfare of various guilds of the movie industry and gives recognition of the artistic and technical excellence of the performances of its workers and artists. [8] Also, that same year, Viva Films began producing movies. During the closing years of martial rule, a number of films defiant of the Marcos dictatorship were made. Films such as Marilou Diaz-Abaya’s Karnal depicted this defiance in an implicit way in the ilm’s plot, wherein patricide ends a tyrannical father’s domination. In the same year, Mike de Leon’s Sister Stella L. was shown on the bigscreen, and it was about oppression and tyranny. In 1985, Lino Brocka’s Bayan Ko: Kapit sa Patalim (My Country: Gripping the Knife’s Edge) depicted images of torture, incarceration, struggle and oppression. [3] During this times, the Philippines ranked among the top 10 film-producing countries in the world, with an annual output of more than 300 movies. [9] [edit]Contemporary period The dawn of this era saw a dramatic decline of the Philippine movie industry. 10] Most Hollywood films had been dominating mainstream cinema even more,[5] and fewer than a twenty quality local films were being produced and shown yearly. [2][10] Many producers and production houses later stopped producing films after losing millions of pesos,[5] while two television stations steered towards the world of filmmaking. At the turn of the 21st century, a new sense of excitement and trend enveloped the industry by the coming of digital and experimental cinema, as well as the resurfacing of independent filmmaking. [edit]Late 1980s to 1990s At the beginning of this period, and even in the latter part of the preceding times, most Filipino films were mass-produced and sacrificed quality for commercial success. Storylines were said to be unimaginative and predictable, comedy was slapstick, and the acting was either mediocre or overly dramatic. Producers were antipathetic to new ideas, or risk-taking. Instead, they resorted to formulas that worked well in the past that cater to the standards and tastes of the masses. [2][9] Teen-oriented films, massacre movies, and soft pornographic pictures composed a majority of the genre produced. 3] Aside from fiercer competition with Hollywood films,[5] the Asian Financial Crisis, escalating cost of film production, exorbitant taxes, arbitrary and too much film censorship, high-tech film piracy,[11] and rise of cable television further contributed for the trimming down of production costs of film outfits that resulted to falling box-office receipts of domestic films, and the eventual precarious state of the local film industry. [12] In 1993, a television station ventured into movie production. ABS-CBNs Star Cinema produced Ronquillo: Tubong Cavite, Laking Tondo in cooperation with Regal Films. Five years later, another television tation, GMA Network, started producing movies. GMA Films released the critically-acclaimed Sa Pusod ng Dagat, Jose Rizal, and Muro Ami, which attained commercial success. [13] [edit]2000 and beyond Hailed as the fist real new wave of digital cinema, this decade saw the introduction of locally-produced animated features and the proliferation of digital films by independent filmmakers with international reach and caliber. [14][15][16][17][18] While formulaic romantic comedies have comprised majority of mainstream releases, independent filmmakers spur a renewed interest in Filipino movies with mostly digital films. Signs of rebirth of the Philippine cinema arose by way of films with themes about transformation. In 2002, Gil Po rtes released Mga Munting Tinig (Small Voices), a subdued film about a teacher who inspires her students to follow their dreams; the movie also made suggestions to improve the country’s education system. A year later, Mark Meily’s comedy Crying Ladies, about three Filipinas working as professional mourners in Manila’s Chinatown but looking for other ways to make money, became a huge hit. Also that same year, Maryo J. de los Reyes made a buzz at various film festivals with Magnifico, a simple film with universal appeal about a boy who tries to help his family survive their hardships. [9] DUDA (DOUBT) is an example of how a man driven by an idea for a film can succeed against all odds at creating a significant statement. Writer/Director Crisaldo Pablo used a cast of friends with some professionals and with the use of a Sony VX made the first full-length digital film ever shot in the Philippines. Comments by Cris Pablo and some of the actors are in a making o f feature on the DVD demonstrate how much dedication to a vision played in this brave little movie. [19]In 2006 and 2007, Filipino filmmakers began making digital movies. [20] Donsol, by director Adolf Alix, made waves with his debut digital film (which included underwater cinematography) set in Donsol, a fishing town that serves as sanctuary to rare white whale sharks. Other talents of note include Jeffrey Jeturian, Auraeus Solito, and Brillante Mendoza’s 2007 Filipino version of Danish Dogme and Italian cinema verite (Slingshot). Lav Diaz is the leading figure in experimental Tagalog films. His works—including excruciatingly long epics about Filipino life (some of which run up to 10 hours)—often test the endurance of viewers. [9] Although Filipino digital films are made in almost no time and with meager budget, they are strongly represented in international film festivals. [21][22] Numerous works of a new breed of filmmakers had their films seen at the pres tigious film festivals in Berlin, Cannes, Venice, Vienna and Rotterdam. 14][23] Several others won prizes and awards in various film festivals around the world. [24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Among the works include Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros (2005) by Auraeus Solito, Kubrador (2006) by Jeffrey Jeturian, Todo Todo Teros (2006) by John Torres, Endo (2007) by Jade Castro, Tribu (2007) by Jim Libiran, just to name a few. In 2007, a Filipino short film entitled Napapanggap (Pretend) by Debbie Formoso, a recent graduate of MFA Master of Film Art at LMU Loyola Marymount University, in Los Angeles, had a successful run in a number of US film festivals. 31] Several other short films,[32][33] including Pedro Joaquin Valdess Bulong (Whisper),[34] as well as documentaries[35] garnered international attention and honors. In 2008, Serbis (Service) became the first Filipino full-length film to compete in the Cannes Film Festival since internationally acclaimed director Lino Brockas Bayan Ko : Kapit sa Patalim (My Country: Gripping the Knifes Edge) in 1984. [4][36][37] Another milestone in the Philippine cinema took place that same year as local audience witnessed the first full-length animated film, Urduja, topbilled by Cesar Montano and Regine Velasquez as voices behind the lead characters. The film was done by over 400 Filipino animators, who produced more than 120,000 drawings that will run in 1,922 scenes equivalent to 8,771 feet of film. [38] A few weeks later, the Philippine movie industry took centerstage for the first time in the 6th Edition of the Festival Paris Cinema 2008 in France. About 40 Filipino films were shown at the said filmfest, with Star Cinema’s Caregiver (starring Sharon Cuneta) and Ploning (Judy Ann Santos) as opening films. Filipino actor, Piolo Pascual, was invited by Paris Mayor Delanoe and actress Charlotte Rampling earlier that year to grace the occasion. 39] Before the closing of 2008, another full-length animated film graced th e bigscreen, Dayo: Sa Mundo ng Elementalia, which was an entry in the 2008 Metro Manila Film Festival. [40][41] To encourage production of high-quality movies, the Philippine government started giving tax rebates on films. However, only nine of the 150 films produced from January 2003 to January 2006, received such a rebate. In 2001, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo asked town and city mayors to reduce the entertainment tax but only few of them did. 5][42] In order to build up and stimulate the film industry, some Congressmen and Senators recently have authored a number of proposals and legislations pending ratification by the Philippine Congress. Many of the bills seek to ease the multiple taxes on producers, theater operators and patrons. One of the bills, for instance, proposes to exempt from the 30-percent amusement tax on all locally produced movies classified by regulators as for general patronage or parental guidance-13. Another bill seeks to exempt local producers from the 12-percent value-added tax (VAT) on imported filmmaking raw materials and equipment. [1][43][44] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cinema Of The Philippines" essay for you Create order

Moral decadence among teenagers - 6921 Words

AWARENESS AND APPRECIATION OF SUNNAH OF THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD S.A.W AMONG MUSLIM ADOLESCENTS IN SELANGOR Norsila Shamsuddin, Muhamad Wazir Muslat, Farid Wajdi Bin Mohd Noor, Noor Fadhzana Mohd Noor, Hafizah Khusni, Mujaini Tarimin Faculty of Education and Social Sciences University Selangor norsila@unisel.edu.my,mwazir@unisel.edu.my,faridwajdi@unisel.edu.my fadhzana@unisel.edu.my, hafizah@unisel.edu.my, muzaini@unisel.edu.my ABSTRACT By abiding to the examples and Sunnah (prophetic traditions) taught by the Prophet s.a.w, morality among the Muslim adolescents should be evident. But, the morality scenario is worsened. It is posited that awareness and appreciation of the Sunnah of the Prophet s.a.w among the Muslim adolescents is†¦show more content†¦Its being frequently used has made the exact definition of awareness been left undetermined. Nevertheless, the term of awareness is perpetually accompanied with the level of knowledge, as seen the studies of Aadam T. Aris (2012), Joyce K.H. Nga (2010) and Indrani R. Halady, 2010), or with certain level of engagement in the practice (Faisal Talib, 2012), or recognition and assigning oneself to the subject matter (Gudmundur Aevar Oddsson, 2010), or understanding and perception (Diana Bowman, 2007), or exposure to subject without in-depth knowledge (Donna Morrison, 2012) or even relating awareness to the fact of knowing the existence of the subject matter, differentiating it from knowledge (Akinniyi A. Adeleke, 2012). A research was also conducted to investigate a level of awareness by asking the respondents to rate their performance as to prove their level of awareness towards their physical activities, and this was even validated with heart rate monitors and accelerometers (Stef P.J. Kremers, 2008). Appreciation on the other hand brings along a different dimension. Superficially the term appreciate denotes liking and preferability. In Alain d’Astous (2007), he enjoined the meaning of appreciation with favoritism, attachment, probability to recommend to others, high rated, love and pleasure. Besides that, Fagley (2012) in Adler and Fagley (2005) defined appreciation as acknowledging meaning and value of something – anShow MoreRelatedThinking Globally and Acting Locally 1172 Words   |  5 Pagesdominated in the entertainment market across the world. Youths in different countries enjoy the MTV shows and programs. However, this has had both negative effects and positive effects on the youths. Globalization has led to an increasing connection among different people of the world. This means the youths are to know about what is happening in the larger environment. 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Development Capital Market in Bd Free Essays

December 5th, 2010 To Prof. m. Kismatul Ahsan Course Teacher Stamford University Bangladesh Subject: Project analysis of financial institute on prime bank Dear Sir With due respect, I would like to inform you that it is a great pleasure for us to submit the case study on the â€Å"Project analysis of financial institute on prime bank†. We will write a custom essay sample on Development Capital Market in Bd or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through out the completion of the report, we came to know about many things regarding the current analysis on the Appraisal Management of Project in Bangladesh. Therefore,I firmly believe that this report will meet your approval.I would genuinely appreciate and keen enough to make further corrections where you think it is necessary and placing this paper for your valuable evaluation recommendations. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Sincerely Yours Md. Ashfaqur Rahman Rony MBA 04211371 Acknowledgement Praise is to Allah, the Lord of the Universe for giving me opportunity to prepare this report. I am grateful to all the concerns help me to prepared this paper. Especially our honorable Sir for providing me to necessary documents with all the things I have tried my best. Executive Summary Project management Appraisal is a process by which certain predetermined goals are achieved.It is simply the means to an end. On a small project, the senior executive management of the sponsoring organization (the Owner, or client) may be sufficiently familiar with the details and on-going progress that they are satisfied that the project is proceeding as expected. On a larger, longer, more complex project, such close contact may not be feasible. How then can the required degree of comfort (comfort level) be ensured? Rely on project status reports and telephone calls to the project manager? Perhaps, but not always! In any case, what if the project status reports clearly indicate that the project is not going according to plan?Either way, some form of independent project management assessment and recommendations are well advised. Such an assessment should be designed to scrutinize the project’s management, test its effectiveness, and if found wanting, to make recommendations for corrective action. Project Management was developed to save time on a project by planning it out and considering all releva nt factors which may affect its outcome. The benefits are proven – it saves time and money, and generates a more successful outcome. Table of Contents Executive Summary I Title |Page No | |Procedure to open an Account | 01 | |Activities ; papers necessary for opening an account: |02 | |Local Remittance Section: |03 | |Online Branch Banking Section: |06 | |One Stop Utility Services Scheme Section 07 | |Clearing Section | | | |12 | |Collection Section | 12 | |Accounts Section | 13 | |Cash Section | 14 | |SWOT Analysis of PBL | 14 | |Findings | 15 | |Observation ; recommendations | 16 | How to cite Development Capital Market in Bd, Papers

Workplace Effectiveness In Ford Motor †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Workplace Effectiveness In Ford Motor Company. Answer: Establish team Performance Plan Ford Motor Company is an American automobile corporation which manufactures cars and their engines and their cars are distributed across the globe. The company was founded by Henry Ford and it was registered in 1903 and their headquarters is situated in the Dearborn, Michigan. This organization has also sub owned the organizations like Troller which is a Brazilian SUV car manufacturer and an Australian car manufacturer FPV. This organization was also involved in the operations like manufacturing of trucks and tractors. The main vision of Ford is to provide adequate facilities to its customers through delivering effective vehicles which could help them to feel luxurious driving. Ford Motor Company is included in the top six car manufacturers amongst the world. This organization believes in the team work and for this, they used to develop effective strategies which help them to achieve the desired goals. For each department, the separate team is responsible and the policies are so effi cient that people involved in the organization do not take a back step for taking responsibility for any fault or for any mistake found in the car. Planning processes of the organization are built up through the ideas shared by all the team members to develop an effective planning process in order to attain certain desired goals and objectives. Strategies of the organization explain that the contribution of each team member will be equal and the main objective of the organization is to achieve the goals together and it will lead to the achievement of individual goals. Execution of certain policies and the strategies are performed on the basis of team consensus (Beal Ghandour, 2011). Apart from this, Ford has adopted the strategies for achieving the adequate growth in the automobile market through providing effective training measures to its employees. These employees are asked to share their views on improving the technologies so that desired goals could be achieved. On the basis of majority, an appropriate and effective technique is adopted in order to attain adequate growth in respect of the Ford Motor Company. The workplace environment of the organization must be set up in such a manner which could help in the agreement of all team members and management on the adaptation of an adequate strategy for the betterment of the organization. Management and the leaders need to adopt some policies in relevance with their behavioral pattern so that fair decision could be taken in the situation of disputes. The policies adopted by the organization should also contain the clause under which appropriate person should be capable enough to take the responsibility for their work performed. Appropriate quality standards need to be developed so that organizational cars could pass the quality test conducted by the government in order to attain the trust of the consumers. For instance, Research and development team members needs to focus on the adaptation of the unique and advanced technologies of the automobile industry which could help the organization in terms of producing effective and efficient cars. Departments of the Ford Motor Company i.e. production, design, RD, sales, and marketing, etc. need to focus on their work only rather interfering in other department's work. An interruption in other's work will lead to the generation of disputes as well as it will also affect the overall performance of the organization (Klingner, Nalbandian Llorens, 2015). Develop Team Cohesion After evaluating the goals and the objectives of the organization, it is analyzed that organization is facing a lot of issues in the workplace such as disputes arising due to lack of communication, lack of participation from all team mates, etc. With the effect from these issues, team leaders and the management has taken some strong steps in order to attain the organizational objectives as well as to resolve the issues arising within the workplace of the organization. For resolving these types of issues, management and the team leaders invented some ideas such as group meetings and they asked employees to participate in the meeting conducted to re-create some valuable ideas. Feedback to team members In order to resolve the issues within the workplace of the organization, it was analyzed that employees need encouragement and the reward individual programs so that people of the organization gets motivated and perform their best. In addition to this, management has introduced various reward and incentive programs to attract the employees towards enhancing the organizational performance. Motivational techniques, reward programs, incentive schemes, etc. are also introduced in order to attain the objectives of the organization (Mitchell, 2013). Apart from these steps, an organization may use the idea of providing adequate training measures for improving the quality of the organization. This will help the employees to perform even better as compared to their prior performances. Issues faced by organization There are a number of issues present in the workplace of the organization and these arise due to lack of effective communication, lack of managerial control, etc. To resolve these, leaders of the organization adopted the strategies such as brainstorming, mind mapping and consulting. In brainstorming practices, all the team mates are asked to join the meeting conducted to share the views in relevance with the solving the particular issue. This helps the employees to understand their importance in the organization as they are involved in the decision making processes and their views are also considered relevant. In addition to this, they were asked to share their issues so that adequate strategies could be adopted in order to remove them for the attainment of effective goals for the organization. The mind-mapping strategy is quite similar to the brainstorming process. It helps the organization to develop the adequate workplace environment for employees through taking suggestions from them only. Under this procedure, a central concept is analyzed and all its relevant factors are analyzed in order to cope up with the organizational expectations. Apart from these two methods, organizational management adopted the strategy of taking individual sessions in order to analyze the personal issues. Declining organizational performance has various aspects such as collective disputes, individual disputes, and harassment, etc. These are some of the factors which could be held responsible for declining organizational performance. Consulting strategy helps the organization to analyze the issues arising in the workplace and its effect on the individual performance, these need to remove from the workplace in order to gain the efficiency. Effective Communication Process The organization has adopted the strategy of effective communication and this helps the organization to make the transparency between the employees and the management of the organization. Effective communication techniques such as internal communication system could be adopted. This is the process through which organization could create a healthy environment within the organization. Apart from these benefits, managers could easily convey their message to the employees and these employees also have this facility to convey their message to the management directly. This improves the working procedure of the organization. Along with this, an organization will be able to take strong action on unethical practices followed within the workplace of the organization. Identification and resolving issues Under this procedure, organization analyses the issues present within a workplace and this helps the organization to increase the productivity as well as to enhance the performance of the organization. Management of the organization adopts various strategies under which individual's issues, as well as the collective issues of the employees, could be determined. Apart from analyzing the issues, evaluation of the methods to resolve those issues is very necessary. This step will develop confidence in the employees. Employees will be motivated as the organization will build the trust amongst the employees in relation to taking actions to resolve the issues of the organization. Contribution of leader Being a leader, his duty is to resolve each and every issue of its team mates in order to make the team more efficient and effective. The team leader is the responsible for bringing out the best of every employee. For this, leaders need to adopt various attractive strategies such as providing adequate facilities in the workplace, providing incentives for extra work done, adaptation of motivational techniques, etc. The best strategy for improving the effectiveness of the organization is the adaptation of motivational techniques. Motivational techniques help the employees to perform in an adequate manner and along with performing, organizational objectives become the first priority for them and this also fulfills their objectives. Adaptation of these types of policies and the strategies by leader helps the organization in maintaining the adequate working environment as well as employees treats their leader as the role model (Stefanovic, Prokic Rankovi?, 2010). Liaise with Stakeholders Consulting with manager As discussed in the previous assessment in relevance with the issues faced by the organizational members, furthermore these will be discussed with the management of the organization in order to evaluate adequate resolutions. The organization is suffering from numerous issues and declining team performance is one of the major issues within the organization. Apart from this, numerous issues have been faced by the organization which is impacting it on the performance directly. Lack of effective communication strategies, lack of managerial control, lack of dispute handling policies, etc., all these are the factors which affect the performance of the organization as well as it also decreases the brand value of the firm (Unsworth, Dmitrieva Adriasola, 2013). Improving Team Performance Team performance needs to be improved in order to improve the organizational performance. This will help the organization to achieve its desired objectives and goals. For resolving the organizational issues, numerous types of methods could be used such as an adaptation of effective communication objectives are the major sources through which organization could enhance its performance. Adaptation of effective policies will remove communication barriers within the organization hence; it will raise the performance of the organization and it will directly impact towards the team performance and reach the goals and the objective would be easier from the organizations perception. Manager of the organization evaluates various aspects in relevance with improving the performance of the team. Team performances could be improved through various measures such as execution of motivational techniques, barriers of communication needs to be removed in order to enhance the performance of the organiza tion. For instance, there is four team available in an organization i.e. production, marketing, and sales, finance, HR. Hence, if they all will perform equally better, it will be the great situation for the organization and if one team's performance gets declined then the whole organization's performance will get declined. Resolutions of team performance issues Management of the organization has adopted the methods such as brainstorming, mind-mapping, and the consultation in order to increase the performance of the organization. Along with these methods, an organization has adopted the process of building effective communication strategies. Through this strategy, an organization is able to remove barriers between the managers and the employees and this helps the organization to deal with big issues in an adequate manner. Organizational management has adopted the strategy of updating the requirements of the employees in order to maintain the consistent performance of the organization. Making the policy in relevance with the participation of the employees is compulsory in the decision-making process is reliable as well as it helps the organization to analyze the most adequate and the reasonable ideas to resolve the issues or for adaptation of any advanced technology. For instance, while adopting the communication techniques, it was analyzed that mostly all employee, teams of the organization were involved and they were asked to share their views in order to adopt an adequate strategy (Whitney Cooperrider, 2011). References Beal, D.J. Ghandour, L., 2011, "Stability, change, and the stability of change in the daily workplace affect", Journal of Organizational Behavior,vol. 32 (4), pp.526-546. Klingner, D., Nalbandian, J., Llorens, J. J. (2015).Public personnel management. Routledge. Mitchell, G., 2013, Selecting the best theory to implement planned change: Improving the workplace requires staff to be involved and innovations to be maintained. Gary Mitchell Stefanovic, I., Prokic, S., Rankovi?, L. (2010). Motivational and success factors of entrepreneurs: the evidence from a developing country. Unsworth, K.L., Dmitrieva, A. Adriasola, E., 2013, Changing behaviour: Increasing the effectiveness of workplace interventions in creating pro?environmental behaviour change,Journal of Organizational Behavior,vol. 34 (2), pp.211-229. Whitney, D. Cooperrider, D., 2011,ReadHowYouWant. Com, Appreciative inquiry: A positive revolution in change.