Cinema Of The Philippines - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4880 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/24 Category Art Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The Philippine cinema is the youngest of the Philippine arts, and still is considered as one of the popular forms of entertainment among the Filipinos. It directly employs some 260,000 Filipinos and generates around PHP 1. 5 billion revenues annually. [1] Contents [hide] 1 Overview 2 History 2. 1 Origins 2. 2 American period 2. 3 World War II and Japanese occupation 2. 4 1950s 2. 5 1960s 2. 6 1970s to early 1980s 2. 7 Contemporary period 2. 7. 1 Late 1980s to 1990s 2. 7. 2 2000 and beyond 3 See also 4 References 5 External links [edit]Overview The advent of cinema in the Philippines can be traced back to the early days of filmmaking in 1897, when a Spanish theater owner named Francisco Pertierra screened imported moving pictures and showed them at No. 12 Escolta, Manila. The formative years of Philippine cinema, starting from the 1930s, were a time of discovering film as a new medium of expressing artworks. Scripts and characterizations in films came from the popular theat er shows and familiar local literature. Nationalistic films were also quite popular, although they were labeled as being too subversive. The 1940s and the war brought to the Philippine cinema the consciousness of reality. Movie themes consisting primarily of war and heroism had proven to be a huge hit among local audience. The 1950s saw the first golden age of Philippine cinema,[2][3] with the emergence of more artistic and mature films, and significant improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers. The studio system produced frenetic activity in the local film industry as many films were made annually and several local talents started to earn recognition abroad. Award-giving bodies were first instituted during this period. When the decade was drawing to a close, the studio system monopoly came under siege as a result of labor-management conflicts, and by the 1960s, the artistry established in the previous years was already on a decline. This era can be characterized by rampant commercialism, fan movies, soft porn films, action flicks, and western spin-offs. The 1970s and 1980s were considered as turbulent years of the industry, bringing both positive and negative changes. The films in this period now dealt with more serious topics following the Martial Law era. In addition, action and sex films developed further introducing more explicit pictures. These years also brought the arrival of alternative or independent cinema in the Philippines. The 1990s saw the emerging popularity of massacre movies, teen-oriented romatic comedies, as well as anatomy-baring adult films, although slapsticks still draw a large audience. Genres of previous decades had been recycled with almost the same stories, and love teams, which had been popular in the past, had become reincarnated. [3] The Philippines, being one of Asias earliest film industry, remains undisputed in terms of the highest level of theater admission in Southeast Asia. Over the years, however, th e film industry has registered a steady decline in the movie viewership from 131 million in 1996 to 63 million in 2004. [4][5] From a high of 200 films a year during the 1980s, the countrys film industry was down to making a total of new 56 films in 2006 and around 30 in 2007. [4][5] Although the industry has undergone turbulent times, the 21st century saw the rebirth of independent filmmaking through the use of digital technology, and a number of films have once again earned international recognition and prestige. [edit]History [edit]Origins Life in the Philippines Culture Cuisine Dance Demographics Economy Education Higher education Film Holidays Languages Literature Martial arts Music Politics Religion Sports Tourism Transport v †¢ d †¢ e On January 1, 1897, the first four movies namely, Un Homme Au Chapeau (Man with a Hat), Une scene de danse Japonaise (Scene from a Japanese Dance), Les Boxers (The Boxers), and La Place de L Opera (The Place L Opera), were shown via 60 mm Gaumont Chrono-photograph projector at the Salon de Pertierra at No. 12 Escolta in Manila. The venue was formerly known as the Phonograph Parlor on the ground floor of the Casino Espanol at Calle Perez, off the Escolta. Other countries, such as France, England, and Germany had their claims to the introduction of publicly projected motion picture in the Philippines, although Petierra was given the credit to this by most historians and critics. [6] Antonio Ramos, a Spanish soldier from Aragon, was able to import a Lumiere Cinematograph from Paris, including 30 film titles, out of his savings and the financial banking of two Swiss entrepreneurs, Liebman and Peritz. By August 1897, Liebman and Peritz presented the first movies on the Lumiere Cinematograph in Manila. The cinema was set up at Escolta, corner San Jacinto, the hall formerly occupied by the Ullman Jewelry shop. A test preview was presented to a limited number of guests on August 28. The inaugural show was presen ted to the general public the next day, August 29, 1897. [6]. Documentary films showing recent events as well as natural calamities in Europe were shown in Manila. [3] During the first three weeks, Ramos had a selection of ten different films to show, but by the fourth week, he was forced to shuffle the 30 films in various combinations to produce new programs. These were four viewing sessions, every hour on the hour, from 6:00 P. M. to 10:00 P. M. After three months, attendance began to slacken for failure to show any new feature. They transferred the viewing hall to a warehouse in Plaza Goiti and reduced the admission fees. By the end of November, the movie hall closed down. [6] In order to attract patronage, using the Lumiere as a camera, Ramos locally filmed Panorama de Manila (Manila landscape), Fiesta de Quiapo (Quiapo Fiesta), Puente de Espana (Bridge of Spain), and Escenas Callejeras (Street scenes), in 1898. Aside from Ramos, there were other foreigners who left documenta ry evidences of their visits to the Philippines. Burton Holmes, father of the Travelogue, who made the first of several visits in 1899, made the Battle of Baliwag; Kimwood Peters shot the Banawe Rice Terraces; and, Raymond Ackerman of American Biography and Mutoscope filmed Filipino Cockfight and the Battle of Mt. Arayat. [6] [edit]American period Film showing in the Philippines resumed in 1900 when a British entrepreneur named Walgrah opened the Cine Walgrah at No. 60 Calle Santa Rosa in Intramuros. The second movie house was opened in 1902 by a Spanish entrepreneur, Samuel Rebarber, who called his building, Gran Cinematografo Parisien, located at No. 0 Calle Crespo in Quiapo. In 1903, Jose Jimenez, a stage backdrop painter, set up the first Filipino-owned movie theater, the Cinematograpo Rizal in Azcarraga street, in front of Tutuban Train Station. [6] In the same year, a movie market was formally created in the country along with the arrival of silent movies and American colon ialism. [3] The silent films were always accompanied by gramophone, a piano, or a quartet, or when Caviria was shown at the Manila Grand Opera House, a 200 man choir. 6] In 1905, Herbert Wyndham, shot scenes at the Manila Fire Department; Albert Yearsly shot the Rizal Day Celebration in Luneta 1909; in 1910, the Manila Carnival; in 1911, the Eruption of Mayon Volcano; the first Airplane Flight Over Manila by Bud Mars and the Fires of Tondo, Pandacan and Paco; and, in 1912, the Departure of the Igorots to Barcelona and the Typhoon in Cebu. [6] These novelty films, however, did not capture the hearts of the audience because they were about the foreigners. 3] The Philippine Commission recognized early the potential of cinema as a tool of communication and information, so that in 1909, the Bureau of Science bought a complete filmmaking unit and laboratory from Pathe, and sent its chief photographer, the American, Charles Martin, to France to train for a year. When Martin completed his t raining, he resolved to document, in motion pictures, the varied aspects of the Philippines. In 1910, the first picture with sound reached Manila, using the Chronophone. A British film crew also visited the Philippines, and filmed, among other scenes, the Pagsanjan Falls (Oriental) in 1911 in kinemakolor. 6] In 1912, New York and Hollywood film companies started to establish their own agencies in Manila to distribute films. [6] In the same year, two American entrepreneurs made a film about the execution of Jose Rizal, and aroused a strong curiosity among Filipino moviegoers. This led to the making of the first Filipino film. [3] By 1914, the US colonial government was already using films as a vehicle for information, education, propaganda and entertainment. The Bureau of Science tackled subjects designed to present an accurate picture of the Philippines before the American public, particularly the US Congress. By 1915, the best European and American films were shown in Philippine theaters. When World War I (1914–1918) choked off the production of European studios, Manila theater managers turned to US for new film products. With the variety they offered, American films quickly dominated the Philippine film market. [6] The first film produced by a Filipino is Samuel llagass Dalagang Bukid (Country Maiden) in 1919. This film was based on a highly-acclaimed musical play by Hemogenes Ilagan and Pollux . [3] Pre-war films were produced by wealthy Spaniards, American businessmen, and Filipino landlords and politicians. Early filmmakers, even with meager capital, followed some of the genres provided by Hollywood movies. The main sources of movie themes during this period were theater pieces from popular dramas or zarzuelas. Another source of movie themes at that time was the Philippine Literature. Ironically, the people who helped the film industry develop and flourish were also the same people who suppressed its artistic expression by inhibiting movie th emes that would establish radical political views among the Filipinos. Instead, love and reconciliation between members of different classes of people were encouraged to become movie themes. 3] In 1929, the Syncopation, the first American sound film, was shown in Radio theater in Plaza Santa Cruz in Manila. [6] By 1930s, a few film artists and producers deviated from the norms and presented sociopolitical movies. Julian Manansala’s film Patria Amore (Beloved Country) was almost suppressed because of its anti-Spanish sentiments. During the same period, the first sound film in Tagalog entitled Ang Aswang, a monster movie inspired by Philippine folklore, was shown. But the film apparently did not turn out to be a completely sound film. 6] Jose Nepomucenos Punyal na Guinto (Golden Dagger), which premiered on March 9, 1933, at the Lyric theater, was credited as the first completely sound movie to all-talking picture in the country. [6] Carmen Concha, the first female director in t he country, also ventured into filmmaking, and she directed Magkaisang Landas and Yaman ng Mahirap in 1939 under Parlatone, and Pangarap in 1940 under LVN. [7] Despite fierce competition with Hollywood movies, the Filipino film industry grew relatively bigger. When the 1930s drew to a close, the Filipino film industry was already well-established and local moviestars acquired a huge fan-base. Some popular movie stars of the pre-war era include: Brian Soria Fernando Royo Ben Rubio Rolando Liwanag Exequiel Segovia Ben Perez Teddy Benavides Manuel Barbeyto Ernesto la Guardia Jaime G. Castellvi Alfonso Carvajal Jose Troni Nardo Vercudia Andres Centenera Fermin Barva Fernando Poe Nati Rubi Etang Discher Patring (Monang) Carvajal Naty Bernardo [edit]World War II and Japanese occupation During the Japanese Occupation, filmmaking was suddenly put to a halt. The Japanese brought with them their own films, but this was not appealing to the local audience. For this reason, Japanese propa ganda offices hired several local filmmakers, including Gerardo de Leon, to make propaganda pictures that extoll Filipino-Japanese friendship. One of these propaganda films was the Dawn of Freedom, which was directed by Abe Yutaka and Gerardo de Leon. [3] It was during this time that the popular comedy duo Pugo and Togo was renamed Tuguing and Puguing. This was because Togo sounded too similar to Tojo, the name of the Prime Minister of Japan during the early 1940s. During World War II, almost all actors depended on stage shows only, mostly on major Manila movie theaters, to provide for their livelihood. Live theater began to thrive again as movie stars, directors and technicians returned to the stage. [edit]1950s Bundles of 35-mm films of several old movies being kept by the Mowelfund at the Movie Museum of the Philippines in Quezon City. After World War II, the Philippine version of a war movie had emerged as a genre. The audience were hungry for films with patriotic themes. Fil ms such as Garrison 13 (1946), Dugo ng Bayan (The Country’s Blood) (1946), Walang Kamatayan (Deathless) (1946), and Guerilyera (1946), narrated the horrors of the war and the heroism of the soldiers and guerillas. 3] The 1950s was the so-called first golden age of Philippine cinema, mainly because at this time, the Big Four studios (LVN Pictures, Sampaguita Pictures, Premiere Productions and Lebran International) were at the height of their powers in filmmaking, having employed master directors like Gerardo de Leon, Eddie Romero and Cesar Gallardo and housing the biggest stars of the industry that day. The Big Four has been also churning out an estimated total of 350 films a year. This number made the Philippines second only to Japan in terms of film productions a year, which made it one of the busiest and bustling film communities in Asia. Nevertheless, Hollywood still has its grips on the Filipino audience mainly because all those 350 films are only shown in two theaters , namely Dalisay and Life theaters in Manila. The premiere directors of the era were (but not limited to): Gerardo de Leon Gregorio Fernandez Eddie Romero Lamberto Avellana Armando Garces Cirio Santiago Cesar Gallardo The biggest stars of the era were (but not limited to): Rogelio de la Rosa Jaime de la Rosa Carmen Rosales Jose Padilla, Jr. Arsenia Francisco Ben Perez Ben Rubio Fred Penalosa Rosa del Rosario Paraluman Oscar Moreno Carlos Salazar Manuel Conde Tony Santos Fred Montilla Oscar Keese Bert Olivar Anita Linda Carol Varga Evelyn Villar Tessie Agana Linda Estrella Alicia Vergel Cesar Ramirez Ruben Rustia Lauro Delgado Eddie Garcia Gloria Romero Nida Blanca Nestor de Villa Luis Gonzales Van de Leon Gil de Leon Mila del Sol Rita Gomez Lolita Rodriguez Charito Solis Rosa Mia Rosa Rosal Delia Razon Eddie del Mar Efren Reyes, Sr. Johnny Reyes Nena Cardenas Chichay Tolindoy Bayani Casimiro Bentot (Cosca) Vicente Liwanay Pugo Tugo Patsy (Pachochay) Lopito Tugak Pugak Billy Surot Vizcarra Chiquito Oscar Obligacion Dely Atayatayan Andoy Balumbalunan Levi Celerio Zaldy Zshornack The Big Four studios produced most of the notable films of Philippine cinema during this era. Roberta (1951) of Sampaguita Pictures, featuring child stars, was a phenomenal success at that time. LVN Pictures, under the leadership of the grandmotherly Dona Sisang de Leon, specialized in superproductions, rural comedies and musicals, but also produced socially-relevant films such as Avellanas Anak Dalita (1956), Tony Santoss Badjao (1957) and Manuel Siloss Biyaya ng Lupa (1959). Sampaguita Pictures mainly produced high-gloss, glamorous pictures such as Maalaala Mo Kaya (1954). On the other hand Premiere Productions released most of the action films of the decade, such as Sawa sa Lumang Simboryo (1952), Salabusab (1954) and Huwag Mo Akong Limutin (1960). Due to the high production values of the motion pictures during this era, these movies started to win awards internationally. In 1952, Manuel Condes Genghis Khan became the first Asian film to be shown in the Venice Film Festival and Cannes Film Festival, a feat that would not be defeated until the 1970s. Inspired by Condes picture, Hollywood remade Genghis Khan, with John Wayne as its lead actor. 3][6] In 1956, Anak Dalita copped the Golden Harvest Award (Best Picture) of the prestigious Asia-Pacific Film Festival. In addition, the stars of these productions also won international awards. Lilia Dizon, for example, may have not romped away with the FAMAS Best Actress Award fo the time, but the prince of Cambodia, Norodom Sihanouk, presented her with the Best Actress Award from the Asia-Pacific Film Festival in 1954. Leroy Salvador was also recognized in his performance as Best Supporting Actor for the film Huk sa Bagong Pamumuhay (1953) in the Asia-Pacific Film Festival. During this era, the first award-giving bodies were also established. The first award-giving body, the Maria Clara Awards of the Manila T imes Publishing, Inc, was composed of film publicists and writers who voted for the exemplary achievements of Filipino motion pictures for a certain calendar year. In 1953, the Maria Clara folded up to give way to the establishment of the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences (FAMAS), the Philippines answer to the United States Academy Awards. With this, the Philippines set a trend in Asian cinema; FAMAS was the first film industry award-giving body in Asia. FAMAS has awarded its most coveted Best Picture Award to the following films: 1952 Sawa sa Lumang Simboryo (Premiere Productions and M. J. Vistan Productions) 1953 Huk sa Bagong Pamumuhay (LVN Pictures) 1954 Salabusab (Premiere Productions) 1955 Higit sa Lahat (LVN Pictures) 1956 Luksang Tagumpay (LVN Pictures) 1957 Kalibre . 45 (Premiere Productions) 1958 Hanggang sa Dulo ng Daigdig (Premiere Productions) 1959 Biyaya ng Lupa (LVN Pictures) During this period, Filipinos seen Hollywoods first full length picture in livin g technicolor. Filipino local producers presented too, during this period, their own full length pictures in color in spite of some technical deficiency, and one of which, was Prinsipe Amante (Prince Amante). [6] [edit]1960s Characterized by the so-called bomba pictures, James Bond and western spin-offs. It was also the era of musical films starred by mostly Sampaguita Pictures discoveries. The studio systems came under siege from the growing labor movement, which resulted in labor-management conflicts. The first studio to close was Lebran followed by Premiere Productions. Next came Sampaguita and LVN. The Big Four studios were replaced by new and independent producers like Regal Films, which was established by Lily Monteverde in 1962. The decade also saw the emergence of the youth revolution best represented by the Beatles and the rock and roll. As a result of this, certain movie genres were made to cater to this revolt. Fan movies and teen love team-ups emerged, showing Nora Aunor and Vilma Santos, along with Tirso Cruz III and Edgar Mortiz as their respective screen sweethearts. In addition, movie genres showing disaffection to the status quo during the era were also popular. Action movies with Pinoy cowboys and secret agents as the movers of the plots depicted a society ravaged by criminality and corruption. [3] Another kind of youth revolt, implying rejection of adult corruption, came in the form of movies featuring child stars. At the end of this decade, another movie genre that embodied a different form of revolt took centerstage. Soft porn movies, more popularly known as bomba films, increasingly became popular, and these films were described as a direct challenge to the conventions, norms and conduct of the society. Even in the period of decline, several Philippine films that stood out. These include the following films by Gerardo de Leon: Noli Me Tangere (Touch me Not) in 1961; El Filibusterismo (Subversion) in 1962; Huwag mo Akong Limuti n (Never Forget Me) in 1960; and, Kadenang Putik (Chain of Mud) in 1960. During this period, Filipino filmmakers became successful in presenting some full length pictures in living Eastmancolor, one of which was Ito ang Pilipino by J. E. Production. This movie was produced and starred by Joseph Estrada himself. 6] [edit]1970s to early 1980s Touted as the second golden age of Philippine cinema, this was the period of the avant-garde filmmakers. At the turn of the 70s, local producers and filmmakers ceased to produce pictures in black and white. [3][6] The promotional poster of the movie, Kapantay Ay Langit, which won three awards in the 1971 Manila Film Festival, including Best Movie Theme Song for George Cansecos originalcomposition of the same title. In 1972, the Philippines was placed under the martial rule, and films were used as propagandastic vehicles. Marcos and his technocrats sought to regulate filmmaking through the creation of the Board of Censors for Motion Pictures (B CMP). Prior to the start of filming, a finished script was required to be submitted to the Board and incorporate the ideology of the New Society such as, a new sense of discipline, uprightness and love of country. Annual festivals was revived during this period, and bomba films as well as political movies critical of the Marcos administration were banned. [3] In spite of the censorship, the exploitation of sex and violence onscreen continued to assert itself. Under martial law, action films usually append to the ending an epilogue claiming that the social realities depicted had been wiped out with the establishment of the New Society. The notorious genre of sex or bomba films that appeared in the preceding decade was still around although it merely showed female stars swimming in their underwear, taking a bath in their chemise, or being chased and raped in a river, sea, or under a waterfall. Such movies were called the wet look. One uch movie was the talked-about Ang Pinakamagan dang Hayop sa Balat ng Lupa (The Most Beautiful Animal on the Face of the Earth) in 1974 starring former Miss Universe Gloria Diaz. [3] In spite of the presence of censorship, this period paved way to the ascendancy of a new breed of directors. Some of the notable films during this era are as follows: Lino Brocka Tubog sa Ginto (1970) Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang (1974) Maynila: Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag (1975) Insiang (1976) Ishmael Bernal Pagdating sa Dulo (1971) Manila by Night (1980) Himala (1982) Mike de Leon Itim (1976) Sister Stella L (1984) Peque Gallaga Oro, Plata, Mata (1982) In 1977, an unknown Filipino filmmaker going by the name of Kidlat Tahimik made a film entitled Mababangong Bangungot (Perfumed Nightmare), which won the International Critic’s Prize in the Berlin Film Festival that same year. Out of short film festivals sponsored by the University of the Philippines Film Center and by the Experimental Cinema of the Philippines, young filmmakers joined Kidlat Tah imik by distancing themselves from the traditions of mainstream cinema. Nick De ocampo’s Oliver (1983) and Raymond Red’s Ang Magpakailanman (The Eternal, 1983) have received attention in festivals abroad. In 1981, as mandated by Executive Order No. 640-A, the Film Academy of the Philippines was enacted, serving as the umbrella organization that oversees the welfare of various guilds of the movie industry and gives recognition of the artistic and technical excellence of the performances of its workers and artists. [8] Also, that same year, Viva Films began producing movies. During the closing years of martial rule, a number of films defiant of the Marcos dictatorship were made. Films such as Marilou Diaz-Abaya’s Karnal depicted this defiance in an implicit way in the ilm’s plot, wherein patricide ends a tyrannical father’s domination. In the same year, Mike de Leon’s Sister Stella L. was shown on the bigscreen, and it was about oppression and tyranny. In 1985, Lino Brocka’s Bayan Ko: Kapit sa Patalim (My Country: Gripping the Knife’s Edge) depicted images of torture, incarceration, struggle and oppression. [3] During this times, the Philippines ranked among the top 10 film-producing countries in the world, with an annual output of more than 300 movies. [9] [edit]Contemporary period The dawn of this era saw a dramatic decline of the Philippine movie industry. 10] Most Hollywood films had been dominating mainstream cinema even more,[5] and fewer than a twenty quality local films were being produced and shown yearly. [2][10] Many producers and production houses later stopped producing films after losing millions of pesos,[5] while two television stations steered towards the world of filmmaking. At the turn of the 21st century, a new sense of excitement and trend enveloped the industry by the coming of digital and experimental cinema, as well as the resurfacing of independent filmmaking. [edit]Late 1980s to 1990s At the beginning of this period, and even in the latter part of the preceding times, most Filipino films were mass-produced and sacrificed quality for commercial success. Storylines were said to be unimaginative and predictable, comedy was slapstick, and the acting was either mediocre or overly dramatic. Producers were antipathetic to new ideas, or risk-taking. Instead, they resorted to formulas that worked well in the past that cater to the standards and tastes of the masses. [2][9] Teen-oriented films, massacre movies, and soft pornographic pictures composed a majority of the genre produced. 3] Aside from fiercer competition with Hollywood films,[5] the Asian Financial Crisis, escalating cost of film production, exorbitant taxes, arbitrary and too much film censorship, high-tech film piracy,[11] and rise of cable television further contributed for the trimming down of production costs of film outfits that resulted to falling box-office receipts of domestic films, and the eventual precarious state of the local film industry. [12] In 1993, a television station ventured into movie production. ABS-CBNs Star Cinema produced Ronquillo: Tubong Cavite, Laking Tondo in cooperation with Regal Films. Five years later, another television tation, GMA Network, started producing movies. GMA Films released the critically-acclaimed Sa Pusod ng Dagat, Jose Rizal, and Muro Ami, which attained commercial success. [13] [edit]2000 and beyond Hailed as the fist real new wave of digital cinema, this decade saw the introduction of locally-produced animated features and the proliferation of digital films by independent filmmakers with international reach and caliber. [14][15][16][17][18] While formulaic romantic comedies have comprised majority of mainstream releases, independent filmmakers spur a renewed interest in Filipino movies with mostly digital films. Signs of rebirth of the Philippine cinema arose by way of films with themes about transformation. In 2002, Gil Po rtes released Mga Munting Tinig (Small Voices), a subdued film about a teacher who inspires her students to follow their dreams; the movie also made suggestions to improve the country’s education system. A year later, Mark Meily’s comedy Crying Ladies, about three Filipinas working as professional mourners in Manila’s Chinatown but looking for other ways to make money, became a huge hit. Also that same year, Maryo J. de los Reyes made a buzz at various film festivals with Magnifico, a simple film with universal appeal about a boy who tries to help his family survive their hardships. [9] DUDA (DOUBT) is an example of how a man driven by an idea for a film can succeed against all odds at creating a significant statement. Writer/Director Crisaldo Pablo used a cast of friends with some professionals and with the use of a Sony VX made the first full-length digital film ever shot in the Philippines. Comments by Cris Pablo and some of the actors are in a making o f feature on the DVD demonstrate how much dedication to a vision played in this brave little movie. [19]In 2006 and 2007, Filipino filmmakers began making digital movies. [20] Donsol, by director Adolf Alix, made waves with his debut digital film (which included underwater cinematography) set in Donsol, a fishing town that serves as sanctuary to rare white whale sharks. Other talents of note include Jeffrey Jeturian, Auraeus Solito, and Brillante Mendoza’s 2007 Filipino version of Danish Dogme and Italian cinema verite (Slingshot). Lav Diaz is the leading figure in experimental Tagalog films. His works—including excruciatingly long epics about Filipino life (some of which run up to 10 hours)—often test the endurance of viewers. [9] Although Filipino digital films are made in almost no time and with meager budget, they are strongly represented in international film festivals. [21][22] Numerous works of a new breed of filmmakers had their films seen at the pres tigious film festivals in Berlin, Cannes, Venice, Vienna and Rotterdam. 14][23] Several others won prizes and awards in various film festivals around the world. [24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Among the works include Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros (2005) by Auraeus Solito, Kubrador (2006) by Jeffrey Jeturian, Todo Todo Teros (2006) by John Torres, Endo (2007) by Jade Castro, Tribu (2007) by Jim Libiran, just to name a few. In 2007, a Filipino short film entitled Napapanggap (Pretend) by Debbie Formoso, a recent graduate of MFA Master of Film Art at LMU Loyola Marymount University, in Los Angeles, had a successful run in a number of US film festivals. 31] Several other short films,[32][33] including Pedro Joaquin Valdess Bulong (Whisper),[34] as well as documentaries[35] garnered international attention and honors. In 2008, Serbis (Service) became the first Filipino full-length film to compete in the Cannes Film Festival since internationally acclaimed director Lino Brockas Bayan Ko : Kapit sa Patalim (My Country: Gripping the Knifes Edge) in 1984. [4][36][37] Another milestone in the Philippine cinema took place that same year as local audience witnessed the first full-length animated film, Urduja, topbilled by Cesar Montano and Regine Velasquez as voices behind the lead characters. The film was done by over 400 Filipino animators, who produced more than 120,000 drawings that will run in 1,922 scenes equivalent to 8,771 feet of film. [38] A few weeks later, the Philippine movie industry took centerstage for the first time in the 6th Edition of the Festival Paris Cinema 2008 in France. About 40 Filipino films were shown at the said filmfest, with Star Cinema’s Caregiver (starring Sharon Cuneta) and Ploning (Judy Ann Santos) as opening films. Filipino actor, Piolo Pascual, was invited by Paris Mayor Delanoe and actress Charlotte Rampling earlier that year to grace the occasion. 39] Before the closing of 2008, another full-length animated film graced th e bigscreen, Dayo: Sa Mundo ng Elementalia, which was an entry in the 2008 Metro Manila Film Festival. [40][41] To encourage production of high-quality movies, the Philippine government started giving tax rebates on films. However, only nine of the 150 films produced from January 2003 to January 2006, received such a rebate. In 2001, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo asked town and city mayors to reduce the entertainment tax but only few of them did. 5][42] In order to build up and stimulate the film industry, some Congressmen and Senators recently have authored a number of proposals and legislations pending ratification by the Philippine Congress. Many of the bills seek to ease the multiple taxes on producers, theater operators and patrons. One of the bills, for instance, proposes to exempt from the 30-percent amusement tax on all locally produced movies classified by regulators as for general patronage or parental guidance-13. Another bill seeks to exempt local producers from the 12-percent value-added tax (VAT) on imported filmmaking raw materials and equipment. [1][43][44] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cinema Of The Philippines" essay for you Create order

Moral decadence among teenagers - 6921 Words

AWARENESS AND APPRECIATION OF SUNNAH OF THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD S.A.W AMONG MUSLIM ADOLESCENTS IN SELANGOR Norsila Shamsuddin, Muhamad Wazir Muslat, Farid Wajdi Bin Mohd Noor, Noor Fadhzana Mohd Noor, Hafizah Khusni, Mujaini Tarimin Faculty of Education and Social Sciences University Selangor norsila@unisel.edu.my,mwazir@unisel.edu.my,faridwajdi@unisel.edu.my fadhzana@unisel.edu.my, hafizah@unisel.edu.my, muzaini@unisel.edu.my ABSTRACT By abiding to the examples and Sunnah (prophetic traditions) taught by the Prophet s.a.w, morality among the Muslim adolescents should be evident. But, the morality scenario is worsened. It is posited that awareness and appreciation of the Sunnah of the Prophet s.a.w among the Muslim adolescents is†¦show more content†¦Its being frequently used has made the exact definition of awareness been left undetermined. Nevertheless, the term of awareness is perpetually accompanied with the level of knowledge, as seen the studies of Aadam T. Aris (2012), Joyce K.H. Nga (2010) and Indrani R. Halady, 2010), or with certain level of engagement in the practice (Faisal Talib, 2012), or recognition and assigning oneself to the subject matter (Gudmundur Aevar Oddsson, 2010), or understanding and perception (Diana Bowman, 2007), or exposure to subject without in-depth knowledge (Donna Morrison, 2012) or even relating awareness to the fact of knowing the existence of the subject matter, differentiating it from knowledge (Akinniyi A. Adeleke, 2012). A research was also conducted to investigate a level of awareness by asking the respondents to rate their performance as to prove their level of awareness towards their physical activities, and this was even validated with heart rate monitors and accelerometers (Stef P.J. Kremers, 2008). Appreciation on the other hand brings along a different dimension. Superficially the term appreciate denotes liking and preferability. In Alain d’Astous (2007), he enjoined the meaning of appreciation with favoritism, attachment, probability to recommend to others, high rated, love and pleasure. Besides that, Fagley (2012) in Adler and Fagley (2005) defined appreciation as acknowledging meaning and value of something – anShow MoreRelatedThinking Globally and Acting Locally 1172 Words   |  5 Pagesdominated in the entertainment market across the world. Youths in different countries enjoy the MTV shows and programs. However, this has had both negative effects and positive effects on the youths. Globalization has led to an increasing connection among different people of the world. This means the youths are to know about what is happening in the larger environment. The youths have borrowed and shared good ideas and innovations across the world under the maxim of thinking globally and acting locallyRead MoreEssay on Americas Moral Decline2015 Words   |  9 PagesAmericas Moral Decline One of the most pressing problems facing America today is our moral crisis. This problem is one that is related to many other social dilemmas. It has a correlation to our rising crime rate, drug usage, and a trend towards sexual irresponsibility. It is imminent for Americans to find a cure for this moral disease lest we are bound for chaos. In order to solve this problem we must first, as with any problem, determine the causes. One of the causes is the overallRead MoreSociety Divided By Sexual Education Program Essay1698 Words   |  7 PagesIn Panama, just last year, more than ten thousand teenagers became pregnant, leading to high rates of school dropouts and increasing poverty in certain areas of the country. In her article â€Å"Society Divided by Sexual Education Program,† journalist Rosalia Simmons exposes the different perspectives the Panamanian society has regarding the law 61, which consists of the implementation of a sexual education subject in the curricu lum of all the schools in Panama, whose main target is students from ageRead MoreSexual Identity1409 Words   |  6 Pagesform all my values on sexual experiences. Growing up, I was taught that sex before marriage was wrong. As I grew into a young adult, I used the situational ethics approach, and I still do today. The approach that formulates a value system based on moral law is the legalism approach (Rathus, Nevid, and Fichner-Rathus, 2005). However, the situational ethics approach bases decisions on the value system according to the situation at hand. Prior to losing my virginity at age 17, I was taught that sex beforeRead MoreObscenity Laws Texts Schools And Public Libraries2132 Words   |  9 Pagesreaders. This phenomenon comes about from what is termed as the reception theory. The mind tends to develop in accordance with the exposure (Cossman 50). It is evident that these scenes tend to be more attractive to the unsuspecting persons, mostly teenagers; therefore, developing strategies to protect them is essential. The Canadian government believes that continuing to produce these materials can corrupt the minds of the readers and the wider population. Unfortunately, the use of books containingRead MoreProblems of Upbringing4514 Words   |  19 Pagesand excel in everything else. In this rat-race they turn their children into display objects; possessions which they can be proud to show off to their friends and relatives and for others to talk about. In the good old days, life as a child and a teenager was never stressful because there were not too many expectations to fulfil. But children these days, especially those in urban areas, seem to have so many things to do and compete in that they are deprived of a normal childhood. Many people failRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pageschannels †¢ Any work, regardless of its value, can easily get broadcasted to a global audience †¢ Publishers want to ensure that their books sell *quality check* †¢ Any hack can put up his dribbling on Fictionpress.net †¢ Any angst-filled teenager can put up his or her macabre, misspelt poetry online. †¢ Anyone can masquerade a superstition for scientific truth and create a website to scare similarly weak-minded netizens Mainstream BAD: Profit motive and Government-regulated - reliability

Development Capital Market in Bd Free Essays

December 5th, 2010 To Prof. m. Kismatul Ahsan Course Teacher Stamford University Bangladesh Subject: Project analysis of financial institute on prime bank Dear Sir With due respect, I would like to inform you that it is a great pleasure for us to submit the case study on the â€Å"Project analysis of financial institute on prime bank†. We will write a custom essay sample on Development Capital Market in Bd or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through out the completion of the report, we came to know about many things regarding the current analysis on the Appraisal Management of Project in Bangladesh. Therefore,I firmly believe that this report will meet your approval.I would genuinely appreciate and keen enough to make further corrections where you think it is necessary and placing this paper for your valuable evaluation recommendations. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Sincerely Yours Md. Ashfaqur Rahman Rony MBA 04211371 Acknowledgement Praise is to Allah, the Lord of the Universe for giving me opportunity to prepare this report. I am grateful to all the concerns help me to prepared this paper. Especially our honorable Sir for providing me to necessary documents with all the things I have tried my best. Executive Summary Project management Appraisal is a process by which certain predetermined goals are achieved.It is simply the means to an end. On a small project, the senior executive management of the sponsoring organization (the Owner, or client) may be sufficiently familiar with the details and on-going progress that they are satisfied that the project is proceeding as expected. On a larger, longer, more complex project, such close contact may not be feasible. How then can the required degree of comfort (comfort level) be ensured? Rely on project status reports and telephone calls to the project manager? Perhaps, but not always! In any case, what if the project status reports clearly indicate that the project is not going according to plan?Either way, some form of independent project management assessment and recommendations are well advised. Such an assessment should be designed to scrutinize the project’s management, test its effectiveness, and if found wanting, to make recommendations for corrective action. Project Management was developed to save time on a project by planning it out and considering all releva nt factors which may affect its outcome. The benefits are proven – it saves time and money, and generates a more successful outcome. Table of Contents Executive Summary I Title |Page No | |Procedure to open an Account | 01 | |Activities ; papers necessary for opening an account: |02 | |Local Remittance Section: |03 | |Online Branch Banking Section: |06 | |One Stop Utility Services Scheme Section 07 | |Clearing Section | | | |12 | |Collection Section | 12 | |Accounts Section | 13 | |Cash Section | 14 | |SWOT Analysis of PBL | 14 | |Findings | 15 | |Observation ; recommendations | 16 | How to cite Development Capital Market in Bd, Papers

Workplace Effectiveness In Ford Motor †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Workplace Effectiveness In Ford Motor Company. Answer: Establish team Performance Plan Ford Motor Company is an American automobile corporation which manufactures cars and their engines and their cars are distributed across the globe. The company was founded by Henry Ford and it was registered in 1903 and their headquarters is situated in the Dearborn, Michigan. This organization has also sub owned the organizations like Troller which is a Brazilian SUV car manufacturer and an Australian car manufacturer FPV. This organization was also involved in the operations like manufacturing of trucks and tractors. The main vision of Ford is to provide adequate facilities to its customers through delivering effective vehicles which could help them to feel luxurious driving. Ford Motor Company is included in the top six car manufacturers amongst the world. This organization believes in the team work and for this, they used to develop effective strategies which help them to achieve the desired goals. For each department, the separate team is responsible and the policies are so effi cient that people involved in the organization do not take a back step for taking responsibility for any fault or for any mistake found in the car. Planning processes of the organization are built up through the ideas shared by all the team members to develop an effective planning process in order to attain certain desired goals and objectives. Strategies of the organization explain that the contribution of each team member will be equal and the main objective of the organization is to achieve the goals together and it will lead to the achievement of individual goals. Execution of certain policies and the strategies are performed on the basis of team consensus (Beal Ghandour, 2011). Apart from this, Ford has adopted the strategies for achieving the adequate growth in the automobile market through providing effective training measures to its employees. These employees are asked to share their views on improving the technologies so that desired goals could be achieved. On the basis of majority, an appropriate and effective technique is adopted in order to attain adequate growth in respect of the Ford Motor Company. The workplace environment of the organization must be set up in such a manner which could help in the agreement of all team members and management on the adaptation of an adequate strategy for the betterment of the organization. Management and the leaders need to adopt some policies in relevance with their behavioral pattern so that fair decision could be taken in the situation of disputes. The policies adopted by the organization should also contain the clause under which appropriate person should be capable enough to take the responsibility for their work performed. Appropriate quality standards need to be developed so that organizational cars could pass the quality test conducted by the government in order to attain the trust of the consumers. For instance, Research and development team members needs to focus on the adaptation of the unique and advanced technologies of the automobile industry which could help the organization in terms of producing effective and efficient cars. Departments of the Ford Motor Company i.e. production, design, RD, sales, and marketing, etc. need to focus on their work only rather interfering in other department's work. An interruption in other's work will lead to the generation of disputes as well as it will also affect the overall performance of the organization (Klingner, Nalbandian Llorens, 2015). Develop Team Cohesion After evaluating the goals and the objectives of the organization, it is analyzed that organization is facing a lot of issues in the workplace such as disputes arising due to lack of communication, lack of participation from all team mates, etc. With the effect from these issues, team leaders and the management has taken some strong steps in order to attain the organizational objectives as well as to resolve the issues arising within the workplace of the organization. For resolving these types of issues, management and the team leaders invented some ideas such as group meetings and they asked employees to participate in the meeting conducted to re-create some valuable ideas. Feedback to team members In order to resolve the issues within the workplace of the organization, it was analyzed that employees need encouragement and the reward individual programs so that people of the organization gets motivated and perform their best. In addition to this, management has introduced various reward and incentive programs to attract the employees towards enhancing the organizational performance. Motivational techniques, reward programs, incentive schemes, etc. are also introduced in order to attain the objectives of the organization (Mitchell, 2013). Apart from these steps, an organization may use the idea of providing adequate training measures for improving the quality of the organization. This will help the employees to perform even better as compared to their prior performances. Issues faced by organization There are a number of issues present in the workplace of the organization and these arise due to lack of effective communication, lack of managerial control, etc. To resolve these, leaders of the organization adopted the strategies such as brainstorming, mind mapping and consulting. In brainstorming practices, all the team mates are asked to join the meeting conducted to share the views in relevance with the solving the particular issue. This helps the employees to understand their importance in the organization as they are involved in the decision making processes and their views are also considered relevant. In addition to this, they were asked to share their issues so that adequate strategies could be adopted in order to remove them for the attainment of effective goals for the organization. The mind-mapping strategy is quite similar to the brainstorming process. It helps the organization to develop the adequate workplace environment for employees through taking suggestions from them only. Under this procedure, a central concept is analyzed and all its relevant factors are analyzed in order to cope up with the organizational expectations. Apart from these two methods, organizational management adopted the strategy of taking individual sessions in order to analyze the personal issues. Declining organizational performance has various aspects such as collective disputes, individual disputes, and harassment, etc. These are some of the factors which could be held responsible for declining organizational performance. Consulting strategy helps the organization to analyze the issues arising in the workplace and its effect on the individual performance, these need to remove from the workplace in order to gain the efficiency. Effective Communication Process The organization has adopted the strategy of effective communication and this helps the organization to make the transparency between the employees and the management of the organization. Effective communication techniques such as internal communication system could be adopted. This is the process through which organization could create a healthy environment within the organization. Apart from these benefits, managers could easily convey their message to the employees and these employees also have this facility to convey their message to the management directly. This improves the working procedure of the organization. Along with this, an organization will be able to take strong action on unethical practices followed within the workplace of the organization. Identification and resolving issues Under this procedure, organization analyses the issues present within a workplace and this helps the organization to increase the productivity as well as to enhance the performance of the organization. Management of the organization adopts various strategies under which individual's issues, as well as the collective issues of the employees, could be determined. Apart from analyzing the issues, evaluation of the methods to resolve those issues is very necessary. This step will develop confidence in the employees. Employees will be motivated as the organization will build the trust amongst the employees in relation to taking actions to resolve the issues of the organization. Contribution of leader Being a leader, his duty is to resolve each and every issue of its team mates in order to make the team more efficient and effective. The team leader is the responsible for bringing out the best of every employee. For this, leaders need to adopt various attractive strategies such as providing adequate facilities in the workplace, providing incentives for extra work done, adaptation of motivational techniques, etc. The best strategy for improving the effectiveness of the organization is the adaptation of motivational techniques. Motivational techniques help the employees to perform in an adequate manner and along with performing, organizational objectives become the first priority for them and this also fulfills their objectives. Adaptation of these types of policies and the strategies by leader helps the organization in maintaining the adequate working environment as well as employees treats their leader as the role model (Stefanovic, Prokic Rankovi?, 2010). Liaise with Stakeholders Consulting with manager As discussed in the previous assessment in relevance with the issues faced by the organizational members, furthermore these will be discussed with the management of the organization in order to evaluate adequate resolutions. The organization is suffering from numerous issues and declining team performance is one of the major issues within the organization. Apart from this, numerous issues have been faced by the organization which is impacting it on the performance directly. Lack of effective communication strategies, lack of managerial control, lack of dispute handling policies, etc., all these are the factors which affect the performance of the organization as well as it also decreases the brand value of the firm (Unsworth, Dmitrieva Adriasola, 2013). Improving Team Performance Team performance needs to be improved in order to improve the organizational performance. This will help the organization to achieve its desired objectives and goals. For resolving the organizational issues, numerous types of methods could be used such as an adaptation of effective communication objectives are the major sources through which organization could enhance its performance. Adaptation of effective policies will remove communication barriers within the organization hence; it will raise the performance of the organization and it will directly impact towards the team performance and reach the goals and the objective would be easier from the organizations perception. Manager of the organization evaluates various aspects in relevance with improving the performance of the team. Team performances could be improved through various measures such as execution of motivational techniques, barriers of communication needs to be removed in order to enhance the performance of the organiza tion. For instance, there is four team available in an organization i.e. production, marketing, and sales, finance, HR. Hence, if they all will perform equally better, it will be the great situation for the organization and if one team's performance gets declined then the whole organization's performance will get declined. Resolutions of team performance issues Management of the organization has adopted the methods such as brainstorming, mind-mapping, and the consultation in order to increase the performance of the organization. Along with these methods, an organization has adopted the process of building effective communication strategies. Through this strategy, an organization is able to remove barriers between the managers and the employees and this helps the organization to deal with big issues in an adequate manner. Organizational management has adopted the strategy of updating the requirements of the employees in order to maintain the consistent performance of the organization. Making the policy in relevance with the participation of the employees is compulsory in the decision-making process is reliable as well as it helps the organization to analyze the most adequate and the reasonable ideas to resolve the issues or for adaptation of any advanced technology. For instance, while adopting the communication techniques, it was analyzed that mostly all employee, teams of the organization were involved and they were asked to share their views in order to adopt an adequate strategy (Whitney Cooperrider, 2011). References Beal, D.J. Ghandour, L., 2011, "Stability, change, and the stability of change in the daily workplace affect", Journal of Organizational Behavior,vol. 32 (4), pp.526-546. Klingner, D., Nalbandian, J., Llorens, J. J. (2015).Public personnel management. Routledge. Mitchell, G., 2013, Selecting the best theory to implement planned change: Improving the workplace requires staff to be involved and innovations to be maintained. Gary Mitchell Stefanovic, I., Prokic, S., Rankovi?, L. (2010). Motivational and success factors of entrepreneurs: the evidence from a developing country. Unsworth, K.L., Dmitrieva, A. Adriasola, E., 2013, Changing behaviour: Increasing the effectiveness of workplace interventions in creating pro?environmental behaviour change,Journal of Organizational Behavior,vol. 34 (2), pp.211-229. Whitney, D. Cooperrider, D., 2011,ReadHowYouWant. Com, Appreciative inquiry: A positive revolution in change.

Confucianism And Chuang-Tzu Essays - Chinese Philosophy, Taoism

Confucianism And Chuang-Tzu The brightest signs of art and thought in civilization often spring from turmoil, be it outer war or inner strife, as is definitely the case in ancient China. During one of these periods in transition of government and ruling class, two distinct philosophies sprang from the raging waters of China's ever-cyclic river of war and rebuilding. These philosophies were the brain-children of two very notable individuals, Confucius and Chuang Tzu, both of whom saw the suffering of their country men and felt called upon to render the way which would relieve their people. Confucius, was a very rational, logical man who believed that the world could be set into its proper order by prescribing morals embedded in ritual's practiced by those in power. Therefore instilling a desire for the people to practice these same rituals and ultimately leading a moral educated life. Although this is just a very basic statement of Confucian thought it does illustrate the great differences in the approaches taken by these two men. For while in all his teachings Confucius stressed the importance of morals and the attention that must be paid to scholastics and the matters of the physical world of politics and order, Chuang Tzu, takes an entirely different, and I believe, commonly misunderstood approach to resolving the same issue. In his writings Chuang Tzu, constantly hints at the existence of this mystical energy force, which flows with exact order through the cosmos, a presence if you will that has been since there has been anything, but yet is not old. In the mind of Chuang Tzu, when one discovered this flow, and was able to establish a solid connection, one would be filled with the energy of the cosmos, taking its' power with them wherever they went, constantly using it to guide them through the labyrinth that appears to those outside of "the way" to be the path of life. Therefore, by establishing and maintaining this connection, one can no in absolute certainty what is and what should be the proper course of action they should take. It has been said many times that Chuang Tzu himself was quite a spiritual mystic, which I believe to be a fitting description. However, the problem arises when individuals take this description and simply write off his works as nothing more than complex fairy tales separated by only a few degrees from those of dragons and fairies in western myth. One must not make this mistake, for mysticism and the life and work of and eastern spiritual mystic has just as much validity as does that of faith and the writings of another quite "mystic" spiritual character found embedded in western thought, this person being none other than Jesus of Nazareth. There are many questions which modern science has no answer and for these questions the mystics have the upper hand, for if through their arts, one souls finds their way then they have accomplished a task which will forever elude the scientific realm.

Bio science essays

Bio science essays The body is constituted of different types of cells which unite together to form contrary tissues. Tissues are a group of similar cells and their intercellular substance specialized to perform a specific function; primary tissue types of the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Epithelial is pertaining to a primary tissue that covers the body surface, lines its internal cavities, and forms glands. The connective tissue is also a primary tissue; form and function vary extensively. Functions include support, storage and protection(Marieb, E. N., 1998, P.109) Epithelium occurs in the body as (1) covering and lining epithelium and (2) glandular epithelium. Covering and lining epithelium forms the outer layer of the skin, dips into and lines the open cavities of the cardiovascular, digestive, and respiratory systems, and shelters the walls and organs of the closed ventral body cavity. Glandular epithelium customs the glands of the body. Epithelium is broadly disseminated throughout the body; its functions are many and varied to perform specific roles. Its functions include protection, absorption, secretion, filtration, excretion and sensory reception. Protection is covering or lining the body surface both internal and external. Absorption is the process by which products of digestion pass through the alimentary tube mucosa into the blood or lymph (protein-containing fluid transported by lymphatic vessels). Secretion is 1. The passage of material formed by a cell to its exterior; 2. Cell product that is transported to the exterior of a cell. Filtration is the passage of a solvent and dissolved substances through a membrane or filter. Excretion involves elimination of waste products from the body. Sensory reception which is dendritic end organs, or parts of other cell types, specialized to respond to a stimulus(Marieb, E.N.1998, p111-116). The classification of epit...

Be An Anthropologist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Be An Anthropologist - Essay Example This may have resulted from the existence of independent sub-fields within the subject. This paper will, therefore, investigate anthropology from a physical anthropologist perspective. The paper will also examine evolution based on cultural anthropology. The discussion within this paper seeks to establish the relationship between the two different points of view and its implications towards the subject. Physical anthropology is both a social science as well as a biological science. Physical anthropology deals with adaptations and variations in the human species as implied by biological principles and theories. The social aspect of physical anthropology seeks to establish the implications of human variations and adaptations on human behavior and culture. Human evolution stands out as a major subject within physical anthropology since it determines human developments and relations. Physical anthropologists consider evolution as accumulation of changes within consecutive generations. Th is implies that evolution results from the heritage of inheritable factors from successive generations. Although there are several inheritable characteristics within the human species, not all potential characteristics contribute to evolution. The desirable character within a population dominates the undesirable characteristics within a successive generation in a given population. ... Physical anthropologists analyze DNA to study human evolution, and this indicates the importance of biology in the subject. DNA is a substance contained in all living cells of an organism. Biologists claim that this substance contains or carries hereditary materials (gene) from parents to their offspring. Studying the DNA enables anthropologists to define the relationship between people. DNA analysis enables physical anthropologists to study successive changes within humanity that constitute evolution. The analysis, therefore, enables a physical anthropologist to validate the existence of evolution. Differences within humanity resulting from geographical disparities can also be explained through DNA analysis. DNA analysis is important to a physical anthropologist; however, it does not sufficiently explain the origin and evolution of the human race. Physical anthropologists also consider cultural analysis to be an important aspect of the discipline. To study evolution, physical anthro pologists study the relationships between culture and biological characteristics of humanity and rely on knowledge and theories developed by other academic discipline. Biological theories and principles on DNA enable physical anthropologists to study human evolution and evolutionary differences. Studying different languages among different communities also contributes to evolution knowledge among physical anthropologists. The book Man, Mind and Science by Leaf is a very useful resource in anthropology. The resource contains relevant information on physical anthropology. According to the resource, evolution is a continuous process that depends on various aspect of humanity. The source proves that evolution theories can only be validated through a

Katrina disaster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Katrina disaster - Essay Example The paper addresses planning and implementing of the rescue work, workers safety and hazards, equipment and protective gear required, hazardous materials inside the hospital and their removal. Keywords: Personal Protective Equipment – PPE, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - NIOSH, Federal Emergency Management Agency – FEMA, High efficiency particulate absorbing – HEPA, Occupational Safety and Health Association - OSHA, contaminants, hazards, hygiene. Evaluation of a large New Orleans Hospital after Hurricane Katrina and resultant flooding is taking place directed by Incident Commander, lead by Industrial Hygienist of the hospital with a team comprising of Hospital’s Safety Supervisor (Programs & Training), the Environmental Manager (physical plant, wastes and regulatory issues), two technicians (IH and environmental sample collection and testing) and 25 other employees. The recovery team is given the name ‘Rescuers†. Teams would be organized by phases in the recovery mission. Phase one would be to make second floor safe and clean for working environment as per set standards. Second phase would be initial evaluation of the building further breaking down into sub-phases according to building levels. Then third phase would be removal of hazardous material from basement and 1st level. Fourth phase would be reconstruction and rehabilitation of the floors. Final phase would be testing and monitoring for safety prior to opening the hospital fro operation. Team would be housed on site in Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) trailers powered by generators. Team’s offices would be on the 2nd floor of the building (since below levels are waterlogged) along with surgical suites, clinical laboratory and pharmacy. Pharmacy has been looted and trashed. Since communication means through land line is impossible and few cell phone networks are working, hence radio satellite would be installed for reliable mean of

Enterprise Architecture (EA) Enables SDLC Processes Paper Research

Enterprise Architecture (EA) Enables SDLC Processes - Research Paper Example There have been several attempts to define EA in a more precise way but it is clear that finding a common definition that embodies all that EA stands for. According to quote (year) however, the harder this attempt is made, the more divergent opinions come up as to what EA really stands for. For the purpose of the current paper however, a definition that is used by The Enterprise Architecture Body of Knowledge (2013) is adopted, which explains that EA analyses areas of common activity that are found within an organization by exchanging information and other resources to guide future states. EA are also known to be very applicable from an integrated viewpoint in terms of strategy, business and technology (quote). From the definition given about EA, it would be understood that EA emphasizes on the exchange of information. Meanwhile, at the initiation, planning or concept of phase of SDLC, sponsors identify a need or opportunity that they seek to pursue (quote). By incorporating EA, these sponsors will be aided to exchange information with other stakeholders to confirm the viability of the needs or opportunities that they identify (quote). This means that EA helps sponsors not to make bad decisions as to whether they have to carry on the opportunities with other phases of the system development. In effect, EA can help in gathering useful information as to whether the system development should be started in the first place. The requirement analysis phase of any SDLC has been noted to be a resource focused phase as it ends with decisions on the requirements that will be needed in undertaking the whole system development (quote). By extension, a lot of the financial budgeting is done at the requirements analysis phase. With this noted, quote (year) indicated that EA can be used to support the requirements analysis phase by

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Monopoly Economics Essay

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Monopoly Economics Essay Markets are the heart and soul of a capitalist or free market economy which is based on the notion of competition. Varying degrees of competition ultimately lead to different market structures with different outcomes to the market. The main market structures are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly, each with a different outcome to the market which leads economists to consider some market structures to be more desirable for the society such as perfect competition while others are less desirable such as Monopoly. It is often argued that monopoly restricts competition through entry barriers and therefore should be forbidden. This is supported by a strong case against monopoly as it restricts consumer choice and prevents small innovative businesses from being established. In addition, a monopoly will produce at a lower output and charge higher prices than a competitive market, with the same cost structure. This leads to a loss of economic welfare and efficiency. However, if monopolies are always assumed bad then questions of why firms seek to be monopolies and why governments accept or tolerate monopolistic firms will rise. In theory monopoly is a market with only one seller that dominates and sets price and quantity of the good. The markets demand curve is the firms demand curve and it is assumed that there are no substitutes and thus a firm is a price-maker that is motivated by profit maximisation and is supported by restrictive barriers to entry of the market that subsequently prevents competition. In reality it is hard to find a market in which some form of substitute firm or product does not exist. Therefore, the Competition Commission in the UK defines a market as a monopoly if there is a firm possessing over a 25% market share and facing no significant competition. In order to evaluate monopoly and to determine whether it should be allowed or not, it is vital to understand the characteristics of monopoly and to apply various efficiency concepts such as productive efficiency, allocative efficiency and X-efficiency to both extremes of the market structure, perfect competition and monopoly, to understand their effect on both consumer and producer surplus in the form of households and firms which consequently affect the general economic welfare. 2.0 Characteristics of Monopoly There are various characteristics of monopoly but it is mainly distinguished from other market structures by its barriers to entry. These barriers are a variety of obstacles or boundaries that prevent other firms from breaking into the monopolistic firms market, thus allowing the monopolistic firm to maintain its monopoly and therefore continue to earn supernormal profits. Sloman (2010) suggests that barriers to the entry of new firms are a must for an existing firm to maintain its monopoly position. There are a number of entry barriers that would exist in a market in different forms such as economies of scale, economies of scope, legal patents, licences, product differentiation and high start-up costs. Economies of scale are considered as one major barrier, this occurs when a reduction in unit costs depends on the output size. In such case, a large firm is most efficient and new firms cannot afford to enter the market and gain market shares. The industry may not be able to accommodate more than one producer which is known as natural monopoly. This is the case with public utilities such as water, gas, electricity where these firms have economies of scale to prevent new firms from entering the market. Economies of scope is another barrier as firms who produce a range of products are likely to achieve lower average costs of production and undercut prices to drive new firms out of the market. Proctor Gamble enjoys economies of scope as it produces hundreds of products but could afford to hire expensive skilled workers and experts who can use their skills across the product line and therefore spread the costs and lower the average total cost for each product. (Alesina and Spolaore, 2005) Patents and licences are also considered main entry barriers. The US Patent and Trademark office issues patents for 20 years period, in accordance with the 1995 GATT agreement. (USPTO, 1995) These patents give an inventor the exclusive right to produce a product for a 20 years period such as the case of the pharmaceutical giant, Pfizer, which has a patent on Viagra until 2014. (Stevens, 2007) Likewise, licences are granted by governments which allow one or a few firms to operate in a specific market under government regulations and control. Product differentiation and brand loyalty where a firm produces a differentiated product and the consumer associates that product with the brand. An example of product differentiation would be the car industry, where different firms would produce substitutes but they are not considered as perfect substitutes as required in perfect competition, so each firm would have some form of monopoly power in its product category. This is clearly evident in the luxury sport cars market such as Ferrari, Porsche and Lotus. Other forms of entry barriers may include high start-up costs for new firms in comparison with an established monopoly firm which is likely to have gained enough experience and efficiency techniques to be able to reduce costs and hence prices for any potential new firms to be able to compete. Based on the characteristics of monopoly, it is important to evaluate its economic efficiency and therefore its effect on consumer surplus and social welfare in general. In the next section, we compare the economic efficiency of both extremes of the market structure. 3.0 Economic efficiency In economic terms, monopoly and perfect competition should be judged on the extent to which they contribute to improving the human wellbeing and social welfare, therefore, it is important to assess whether the market structure is efficient or inefficient. Nellis and Parker (2006) point out that the success or failure of firms is directly affected by the extent to which they are managed efficiently. The lower the cost per unit of output, without reducing the quality of the product, the higher the economic efficiency of a firm. This is evident in a competitive market where firms strive to be economically efficient in order to survive. However, this is not the case in a monopoly which is generally considered as an inefficient market structure. This can be clarified by the following analysis of various economic terms of efficiency. 3.1 Allocative efficiency Assuming an initial distribution of income and wealth, allocative efficiency occurs at the point when it is impossible to improve overall economic welfare by reallocating resources between markets. For the whole economy to be allocatively efficient, price must equal marginal cost in every market. However, it is unlikely that a monopoly seeking profit maximisation would be allocatively efficient. A monopoly tends to restrict output below the market equilibrium to force up the prices. PRC MC AC Welfare loss MR AR=Industry demand=MU Q2 Q1 Output Figure 1 Allocative inefficiency and welfare loss Figure 1 demonstrates how a monopoly is allocatively inefficient. While a perfectly competitive market would have an output Q1 where the price P is equal to both MC and MU based on demand curve so all units produced add more to welfare (MU) than the resources they cost to make (MC). A monopolist is in equilibrium with an output Q2 where MC=MR, which means some units that would have been benefited society are no longer produced and thus an overall welfare loss. 3.2 Productive efficiency This can only be achieved if a firm uses the available techniques and factors of production at the lowest possible cost per unit of output. Lipsey (1992) states that in the context of an industry, the interpretation of productive efficiency is that firms are operating so that costs are minimized. In monopoly, in contrast to perfect competition, there are no competitive forces that would make a firm hold costs down to a minimum. PRC MC AC C2 C1 MR AR Q2 Q1 Output Figure 2 Productive efficiency Figure 2 illustrates the productively efficient output Q1 which is the minimum point of the AC curve where unit cost is C1, where the least amount of scarce resources possible are being used per unit of output. However, a monopolist will produce the profit maximising output Q2 with higher costs C2 per unit which can be passed to the consumer, hence demonstrating productive inefficiency. X-efficiency The concept of x-efficiency requires that the lowest possible prices are paid for inputs or factors of production. However, there is less incentive for a monopoly to make full use of the available technology, mainly due to lack of competition. Monopolies are more likely to be technically and productively inefficient, incurring unnecessary production costs and wasted resources. A firm could be employing too many workers or investing in machines that are never used, deeming it technically inefficient. It could be paying its workers unnecessary high wages or buying capital or raw material at unnecessary high prices. This means that the monopolists LRAC is above that which would be technically possible, therefore resources are wasted. Costs LRAC monopoly LRAC possible = X-inefficiency Output Figure 3 X-efficiency gap The x-inefficiency gap, as shown in figure 3, is considered as unnecessary production costs that a firm can reduce. In a perfectly competitive market, a firm must eliminate any form of x-inefficiency in order to survive and make normal profits. However, this is not the case with monopoly, which are able to survive while incurring unnecessary production costs and making satisfactory rather than maximum profits. The evaluation of economic efficiency of a monopoly compared to perfect competition has highlighted a number of disadvantages to support economists case against monopolistic firms. 4.0 Disadvantages of Monopoly In general, a monopolistic market structure would produce less output and charge higher prices which leads to a decline in consumer surplus and a deadweight welfare loss. The higher prices would lead to allocative inefficiency and supernormal profits, leading to reduced benefits to consumers and unequal distribution of income. This also raises a question about equity. The higher prices would exploit low income consumers and their purchasing power might be transferred to shareholders in the form of dividends leading again to unequal distribution of income. A monopoly tends to be less motivated towards economic efficiency such as cutting costs or increasing productivity. There is also a possibility that a monopoly would experience diseconomies of scale as the higher it gets bigger, their average costs increase. Further more, the lack of competition could discourage a monopoly from investing in research and development, leading to lack of innovation and worse products. However, with all the evidence against monopoly, there are still the questions of why do monopolies still exist, why firms seek to be monopolies and why do governments seem to tolerate them? 5.0 Advantages of monopoly On economic terms, perfect competition is generally regarded as more desirable than monopoly. However, monopolies are not necessarily bad, considering they are as highly motivated and public-spirited as competitive industries. Economic theory assumes that everyone is motivated by self-interest; this applies to competitive markets as well as to monopolies. Firms in competitive markets would aspire to be a monopoly by eliminating competition but this is unlikely achieved due to market forces and the absence of barriers to entry and exit. The fact that monopolies make supernormal profits allows them to invest in research and development and allows them to fund high cost investment spending into new technology. This is likely to result, if successful, in improved products and lower costs on the long run. An innovative monopoly could therefore be considered dynamically efficient over a long term as it reaps the reward of investment in research and development. Microsoft did not start as a monopoly but the introduction of Windows version 3.0 in 1990 followed by various Microsoft Office applications provided the market power to become a monopoly. Its position as a monopoly was further cemented by the continuous investment in research and development. It is generally argued that monopoly in high technology sectors is good as it provides firms with a greater incentive to invest in research and development. Patents for new ideas are normally acceptable as it encourages firms to fund the initial research and development and it allows these firms to recoup their investment. Another advantage of monopoly is economies of scale. An increased output would lead to a decrease in average costs of production, which can be passed to consumers in the form of lower prices. Likewise, cutting prices would be an advantage for a monopoly as it would increase sales and maximise economies of scale. PRC S (Perf comp) =â‚ ¬Ã‚  Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ã‚ C Ppc Pm LRMC (monopoly) D industry Qpc Qm MR (monopoly) Figure 4 Market equilibrium under monopoly Figure 4 shows the market equilibrium in perfect competition at output Qpc and supply = demand. A monopoly would generate economies of scale on the long run and drive down marginal costs to LRMC. A monopoly would therefore be able produce a profit maximising output Qm at a price Pm which is lower than perfect competition. Profits and consumer surplus are higher under monopoly and both consumer and producer would benefit. Kerr and Gaisford (2008) highlight the impact of international trade on domestic trade and the need for a domestic monopoly capable of generating the economies of scale required to compete in the international market. BT is a good example of domestic monopoly in the 1980s that had to invest in systems and technology to be able to compete in the international market. Also, the threat of international imports would force a domestic monopoly to set marginal revenue equal to marginal cost and reducing its prices, which is a boost to consumer surplus and social welfare. 6. 0 Conclusion Despite the fact that monopoly produces less output at higher prices and the negative implications on consumer surplus and social welfare, nevertheless, the existence of monopolies are inevitable as long as firms seek profit maximisation as well as increased market share and ultimately market dominance. In a free market economy, the chances of supernormal profits will eventually encourage other firms to attempt to break into a monopolistic market. The threat of competition or even a financial threat of a takeover will force a monopoly to become highly economic efficient. The American economist William Baumol argues in his theory of contestable markets that a monopoly may be forced over time to make the same production and pricing decisions as a competitive market would, merely due to the possibility of future competition. (Griffiths and Ison, 2001) From the above analysis, it is easy to conclude that perfect competition is productively more efficient than monopoly. However, if we take into account the substantial economies of scale that a monopoly would have, then it is more likely that a monopoly is more productively efficient than competition. In some cases, such as a natural monopoly, it is more acceptable to have just one firm as a monopoly provided that its price and productivity are regulated. Von Mises (1966) concludes that the mere existence of monopoly does not mean anything. The publisher of a copyright book is a monopolist, but he may not be able to sell a single copy, no matter how low the price he asks. Not every price at which a monopolist sells a monopolized commodity is a monop ­oly price. Monopoly prices are only prices at which it is more advantageous for the monopolist to restrict the total amount to be sold than to expand sales to the limit which a competitive market would allow. Although monopoly is not desirable as it restricts competition and causes a reduction in consumer surplus and social welfare, it is however inevitable in a real business market that a firm would often take advantage of its strong market position to control the supply of goods or services. Monopolies are not illegal but their abuse of market power to limit competition is illegal and therefore actions by governments to regulate the market would be required. Finally, all firms are concerned with determining the price level that would give them sufficient profit while maintaining the consumers attraction and demand. This should work in the benefit of consumers and the society if regulations are in place for governments to intervene when a firm abuses its monopoly power to the detriment of consumers.

Paper Airfoil Aerodynamics -- physics aerodynamics

Missing figures Two basic principles of fluid dynamics underlie all objects in flight: The forces of Lift, opposing the downward acceleration of gravity, and the forces of drag due to air-resistance. Both forces, properly harnessed and controlled lead to such ingenious devices as the parachute and the helicopter. Aerodynamics, the field of fluid dynamics involving the flow of gasses, even has applications in fields as separate as the automotive industry, fire-safety, and golfing. The aerodynamics of paper airfoils, and additionally, the study of airfoils of small size and low mass are allowing the emergence of a new generation of aircraft: low-speed, affordable aircraft for a variety of uses: military reconnaissance, civilian law enforcement, and interplanetary exploration. This web-project will explore and discuss some of the fundamentals and phenomena regarding such low-speed airfoils. Constructing paper airfoils is one easy and enjoyable way to study such aerodynamics. Daniel Bernoulli, a member of the Swiss family of mathematicians, studied the dynamics of fluid flow. He is honored today with a principle of fluid flow named after him: Bernoulli?s Principle. Bernouli?s principle shows that the average velocity of an ideal fluid is directly proportional to the pressure (A force over an area) it exerts upon a surface along that flow. Figure 1.1 shows an example of a device used to measure the velocity of moving fluids utilizing this principle. A pitot-tube utilizes the differences in pressures between the stagnant air at the tip and the moving air across the opening to determine the velocity. A greater difference in pressures means a greater fluid speed. According to popular myth, Archi... ...t. Although, typically, increasing the thickness of a wing generally increases its curvature, leading to greater lift. For the case of paper airfoils, which are mostly flat, increasing the curvature of the wing leads to a loss in stability and a very large increase in drag. 5. Airfoils with shorter chord lengths typically suffer from less viscous drag than those of longer chord lengths. These wings are called high-aspect ratio wings, The aspect ratio is the ratio of the wing's wing-span to it's surface area. For paper airfoils, due to lack of rigidity at long lengths and short chord lengths it is possible for a wing to fold in on itself at speeds of sustainable flight. This typically puts an upper limit to a wing's span of only a few tens of centimeters when it is constructed of paper, and therefore most paper airfoil wings are low-aspect ratio.