Economics: Keynes vs. Hayek Essay -- Keynes vs. Hayek, 2014

The previous not many years the United States has seen some harsh monetary times.â The joblessness rate is very high and numerous individuals have lost their homes and businesses.â Because there are such huge numbers of variables in an economy, it is elusive the correct individuals to blame.â The dissent bunch â€Å"Occupy Wall Street† has arrived at the resolution that partnerships are making us poor through exploiting us and the administrative system.â â The portion of pay setting off to the main one percent of Americans has expanded significantly in the course of recent years and â€Å"Occupy Wall Street† is outraged.â They are calling for expanded legislative guideline with the goal that the lower quintile Americans can increase some balance (Cesca).â  I wonder who is really at fault.â Is it really this best one percent who have been harming us or some other factor?â Maybe the legislature has made the issue. A decent method to move toward it is to make a stride back and take a gander at the way of thinking of economics.â From finding out about old style monetary hypothesis, current issues, explicitly â€Å"Occupy Wall Street,† might be simpler to solve.â There are two principle speculations on financial aspects and how a general public ought to run.â The traditional hypothesis is that of the British market analyst, John Maynard Keynes.â â The other, less well known hypothesis is from the Austrian business analyst, Friedrich August Hayek.â These two profoundly regarded market analysts did a large portion of their significant work in the mid-20thâ century. (Cochran and Glahe 69). John Maynard Keynes traditional way to deal with financial matters and the business cycle has ruled society, particularly the United States.â His thought was that administration mediation was fundamental in an appropriately working economy.   One financial creator, John Edward King, asserted of the hypothesis that: Keynes accepted tha... ...itical Economyâ 26.1  â â â â â â â (1994): 69-94. Print.  Papola, John. â€Å"Fight of the Century: Keynes versus Hayek Round Two† †YouTube. YouTube † â â â â â Broadcast Yourself. Web. 29 Oct. 2011.  Friedman, Milton. Capitalism and Freedom. [Chicago]: University of Chicago, 1962.  â â â â â â â â Print  Lord, J. E. â€Å"Keynes and ‘Psychology’.†Ã‚ Economic Papers: A Journal of Applied  â â â â â Economics and Policyâ 29.1 (2010): 1-12. Print.  Maiello, Michael. â€Å"Keynes versus Hayek Debate Rages With OWS and Tea Party.†Ã‚ The Daily Brute. 29 Oct. 2011. Web. 06 Nov. 2011  Roberts, Russ. â€Å"Occupy Wall Street and Washington’s History of Financial Bailouts | Foreign  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Affairs.†Ã‚ Home | Foreign Affairs. 21 Oct. 2011. Web. 06 Nov. 2011.   Rosenberg, Alex. â€Å"Rosenberg on the Nature of Economics.† Interview. Sound blog post. EconTalk. ITunes, 26 Sept. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2011.

US and Vietnam War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

US and Vietnam War - Essay Example The last unforeseen of the U.S. responsibility withdrew Vietnam 60 days after the marking, however the degree of brutality between Vietnamese foes didn't fundamentally decay; no harmony came to Vietnam. In the United States, Watergate was changing from golden to red, and as his administration unwound in 1973, President Richard Nixon's mystery responsibilities to South Vietnam's President Nguyen Van Thieu were rendered futile. Under two years after the fact, confronted with subsidizing a $722 million spending supplement, the U.S. Congress demonstrated little enthusiasm for giving military hardware or monetary help to America's long-term partner, South Vietnam. On April 30, 1975, South Vietnam stopped to exist. For most Americans, the last pictures of the war were of the stupefied U.S. Envoy Graham Martin conveying a collapsed American banner under his arm during the last clearing from the U.S. Government office; or maybe the turmoil encompassing the clearing of U.S. faculty and Vietnamese families from the Embassy housetop. Nobody appeared to be keen on such basic inquiries as the idea of the war, why the United States decided to battle the manner in which it did, how North Vietnam had won, the relationship of political targets to military system, or the exercises that could be gotten from the open strategy and mystery exchanges that had described such a large amount of the contention. The desperate circumstance would change as researchers accessed a progression of huge declassifications of essential source records situated in authentic vaults in the United States, Vietnam, China, and Russia, and as head planners of strategy the supposed best and most brilliant- started to ponder and compose their jobs during the period. In 1995, previous Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara ended his own long quiet regarding the matter with the confirmation that we weren't right, appallingly off-base (McNamara and Van De Mark 1995). Another key engineer of Vietnam strategy, political specialist Henry Kissinger, has pro duced a few books that address why the United States battled in Vietnam (Kissinger 1999). We approach our point sequentially by inspecting 30 years of war from 1945 to 1975-starting with the notable Vietnamese announcement of freedom and closure with the fall of South Vietnam in April 1975. We have distinguished what we accept are significant segments of this unfurling adventure, and we start from the scholarly reason that genuinely understanding why the United States battled in Vietnam necessitates that we appreciate the underlying foundations of the contention (before it turned into America's war in Vietnam) from the point of view of nations other than the United States-explicitly, Vietnam, China, and the Soviet Union. All things considered, it was the United States that decided to battle in Vietnam's war (Young 1991). Research The controls of history and political theory have lit up numerous significant parts of the war, including presidential character and administration, war powers, popular sentiment, the job of the media, warning procedures and collaborations, political dispute, and congressional-official relations. Political theory has likewise contributed noteworthy hypothetical advances on

Fish On free essay sample

New angling posts close by, my sister and I jumped enthusiastically to the docks, hopped onto the barge vessel, and sat tight for our dad. It was a crisp fall morning, and we were going angling just because. Our dad began the pontoon and the low sputter of the motor reverberated through the bay and the stinging smell of fuel punctured my noses. The propeller mixed the water and I watched the waves slam into the side of the dock. Father followed the shoreline until we found an isolated bay. I opened the fishing supply container, uncovering a scatter of snares, plastic fish, and line. My sister, Jamie, and I scrounged through to select the most engaging trap. I picked a red and purple jam worm that shimmered. Entertained, I extended it, squirmed it around and gazed at the a huge number of small shines implanted under its skin. Much to my dismay, this would be the most energy I would have for some time. We will compose a custom paper test on Fish On or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page With the assistance of our dad, Jamie and I cast our lines into the cloudy water and paused. My eyes scanned for the air pockets that would mean fish. I was certain that any moment I would feel a pull. Minutes passed. Nothing. I chose the fish just hadn’t saw my inviting trap. I likewise guaranteed myself that the fish weren’t sufficiently astute to realize the worm was phony. The fish just weren’t gnawing. I cast my line and brought it in over and over. I felt like a robot. Exhausted, I looked at my dad, who had positioned himself at the rear of the pontoon. As I watched him change his snare for what appeared the trillionth time, I couldn’t help yet smile. He was truly into the subject of angling however wasn’t having any preferable karma over we were. Concentrating on my line, I proceeded with my cast-and-reel cycle. The minutes spent like days and I started to think about whether there were even any fish in the lake. Abandoning trap, Jamie and I chose to utilize bobbers, the sluggish method to angle. Following a half hour of gazing at our bobbers, we surrendered totally and went around the pontoon, driving off any fish. At that point we argued to return to shore, yet Dad overlooked us. In the long run, he understood that his endeavors were an exercise in futility, and we headed back. At the dock, our dad went to the marina to talk with a companion. Jamie and I tossed sticks and shakes into the lake, enjoying obliterating the smooth surface. Out of nowhere, we saw an alternate development and strolled over to examine it. It was a school of fish. Defeat with energy, we snatched our shafts; those fish were in the same class as gotten. My sister and I understood we had no clue how to fix our posts. Where was our dad when we required him? The plain snares would need to do the trick. Detecting our cooler, I yanked open the top and got a wiener. Fish will undoubtedly like sausages! As quick we could, my sister and I stuck on pieces of meat and dropped our lines into the water directly beneath us. The fish started swimming around our snare, taking little pecks. The more they snacked at the wieners, the more energized we became. Abruptly, my sister cried, â€Å"I’ve got one!† She yanked her post out and we expanded at the fish swinging noticeable all around. A couple of moments later, I was alarmed to feel a sharp pull on my line. I had gotten a fish, as well. We hollered for our dad, who evacuated the fish and permitted us to look at the critters before delicately hurling them back. Jamie and I were next to ourselves with merriment. How could it be that we had gone through hours on the lake with costly apparatus and not got a thing, yet here on the dock we were getting fish with franks and snares? In the case of nothing else, I have this thought from that day: once in a while the least demanding arrangement is the best. In light of four years of secondary school, I have discovered that it truly is simpler and less unpleasant to separate things and take a gander at them in their most fundamental state. Costly apparatuses aren’t consistently of the best quality, similarly as the most intricate arrangements aren’t consistently the best. You don’t need to compose your school exposition with refined jargon to guarantee acknowledgment. Henry David Thoreau put it best: â€Å"Simplicity, straightforwardness, let your issues be nevertheless a few .†

Various Forms of Marketing Communication - Free Essay Example

INTRODUCTION The marketing concept is all about achieving corporate goals by meeting and exceeding customer needs better than the competition. The way to do this is for companies to consider what value they are proposing to offer to their customers and once this decision is made, decide how to communicate this message to their customers/marketplace (Fahy Jobber, 2012). It is considered that there are 3 main elements to the marketing communication mix: tools, media and messages (Baines Fill, 2014). This essay is concerned with the outline and critique of the first two of these, tools and media. TOOLS The range of techniques or tools for communication is called the promotional mix: advertising, sales promotion, public relations, personal selling, direct marketing and online promotion (Jobber Ellis-Chadwick, 2013). Whilst marketing as a subject places a lot of emphasis on the promotional mix, research looking at the influence of promotional mix on the sales turnover of an organisation faced with strong competitors indicated that promotional mix only influenced sales by 25% of the change And other factors such as the product itself, pricing and distribution accounted for the larger 75% (Sunday Bayode, 2011). Advertising A paid form of non-personal communication about an organisation and its products (Dibb, et al., 2012, p. 495). Advertising is generally a mass marketing communication technique as its non -personalised message means that it can be aimed at a wide audience. Its key characteristics are that it can help build awareness because it can reach a wide audience. Also, depending upon the media used to advertise, it can create a strong brand position and it can support the sales effort because it raises awareness. However, by its very nature it is impersonal and as such cannot answer specific questions. Further to this, it has limited ability to close a sale as this normally requires an additional interaction over and above the ad itself. There are strong and weak theories of advertising (Baines Fill, 2014). The strong theory assumes that advertising can increase sales for a brand and for a product within that brand, and the weak theory assumes that consumers are driven by habit rather than exposure to advertising communications. Clearly these are two extremes and the reality is that the effectiveness or otherwise of advertising lies somewhere along the scale and is influenced by other factors apart from simply brand or habit. In marketing, it is considered that advertising decisions are those that are most affected by cultural differences and as such it can be extremely challenging to get the right blend of advertising and sales promotion effort (Ghauri Cateora, 2014). Sponsorship and celebrity endorsements are also forms of advertising. Growing interest in celebrities today has led to an increasing use of celebrities in brand and product advertising. Some target markets look to identify closely with their celebrity idols and as such many companies believe that celebrities are particularly useful for targeting a specific market. Evidence suggests however, that campaigns featuring celebrities are not necessarily any more successful than those which use som e other form of creativity to capture a consumer but that the use of celebrities can have an impact on brand and reputation based on their own behaviours (Pringle, 2004), so whilst some research suggests that they do not create as much value as might be thought, other research certainly points to the damage that can be caused by negative publicity surrounding celebrities (Thwaites, et al., 2012). Sales Promotions Sales promotions offer incentives such as competitions and special offers to consumers to try to stimulate a purchase (Fahy Jobber, 2012). These can provide a quick boost to sales but the effects may only last for a short while during the promotional activity and overuse may damage brand image as it can create quality concerns or leave the consumer not believing in the value of the product. Public Relations Public relations provides the opportunity to communicate information without paying for it directly. It is considered to be highly credible because the message is coming from a third party. Depending upon where the publicity is, it can result in higher readership than advertising placements but it does mean that there is loss of control of the content (Jobber Ellis-Chadwick, 2013). In research looking at the use of public relations in FMCG businesses in the UK which traditionally utilise advertising and sales promotion using publicity rather than public relations, it was found that public relations appeared to be gaining in emphasis and expenditure in the firms interviewed for the research (Kitchen, 1993). The research however, was unclear as to the effectiveness of the increased use. Personal Selling This is oral selling directly with the purchaser (Fahy Jobber, 2012). The key characteristics of this type of communication is that it is interactive so questions can be answered and concerns addressed immediately. Because it is a verbal communication, the approach can be adapted depending upon the customer needs. This personal aspect also means that relationships can be established and as such it can have longer lasting effects in regards to follow on sales and complimentary items. Personal selling obviously lead to sales closure but it is costly and time consuming. Direct Marketing Direct marketing encompasses all the communications tools that enable a marketer to deal directly with targeted customers (Dibb, et al., 2012, p. 501). This includes direct mail, telemarketing, responsive TV, door to door and the internet. This is deemed to be the fastest growing communication tool largely as a result of the internet growth (Dibb, et al., 2012). Direct marketing communication can be personalised and its effectiveness can be easily and quickly measured. It is possible to build a relationship through contact and therefore ensure ongoing sales and it is not visible to competitors. However, it is slow and the response rates are often low and it can create annoyance and frustration in consumers if it is incorrectly targeted. Online Promotion/Digital Promotions This is the promotion of products to consumers and businesses through digital media channels (Jobber Ellis-Chadwick, 2013, p. 514). It offers the following key characteristics: ability to reach global audiences with ease, highly measurable, interactive and although not quite as quick as personal selling as it can nonetheless be very rapid and it is easy to adapt, change and react. It can however, be a significant cost to develop an appropriate website and there are security risks to consider. It is also transparent for competitors to see but most companies today however, do have a website that is a key element in their marketing efforts (Mohr, et al., 2010). MEDIA There are a number of classes of media including broadcast which encompasses television and radio, print which is the press and magazines and digital such as the internet. There are other classes such as out-of-home, in-store and other such as cinema and exhibitions but these other classes are secondary in nature as they are more limited in the audience they reach or are able to target (Baines Fill, 2014). Broadcast Television and radio offer the opportunity to reach mass audiences. It is often considered to be expensive but due to the large mass that can be reached it is a relatively low cost and given that it is visual and/or sound based the communications can be effectively brought to life in order to convey the marketing message. Both television and radio can tell stories and appeal to emotions which is more difficult to do with print based media. Broadcast television can demonstrate the product in use but once advertised it cannot be referred to again by the consumer unlike print which can be kept. There are increasing threats to the effectiveness of television advertising today as people are able to use their recording technologies to avoid watching ads. At the same time improvements in digital technologies mean that costs are falling and so even television broadcast can begin to be tailored to smaller audiences who can be targeted by geographical area or special interest groups (Jobb er Ellis-Chadwick, 2013). There are clear signs that television networks are beginning to pay more attention to the viewer complaints about the extent of advertising with many networks such as CBS, Fox, MTV and cable TV in general now showing either lower minutes per hour in ads or the growth in minutes per hour slowing down. This will increase the cost of advertising as there will be less time and space available but it may improve the effectiveness of the ads as the reduced volume may allow consumers to consider those that they do see more thoroughly (Wall Street Journal, 2007). Radio broadcast is clearly sound limited but as such is most effective in communicating factual information and it can be targeted by paying for advertising at specific times of the day. Furthermore, its effectiveness has increased with digital technology which can now allow listeners to view some limited information in their digital displays while the ad is running. Print Print consists largely of newspapers and magazines and is considered to be effective at delivering messages to target audiences (Baines Fill, 2014). Pictures can help show off a product or demonstrate its use as well as words to describe the product and its benefits. It does give control to the consumer in that they can determine how long they want to read the information for. Again though, this is a changing medium as the increase in tablet use means that press is now also delivered digitally allowing for some of the printed information to then be developed into full digital marketing using click through technologies (Jobber Ellis-Chadwick, 2013). Digital Digital media includes the internet, online marketing, wireless, mobile and interactive television. Digital media allows the opportunity for a two way communication. It allows a business to gain feedback and interact with the customer. Digital interactions are high speed, low cost and usually have great clarity. Because space and time in other media channels such as television or print are limited, cost can increase as demand for the space and time increases but space is unlimited on the internet and as such costs per contact with customers actually falls as more and more customers are reached. Within each type of media, the decision on which tool to utilise still needs to be determined. Advertising can clearly use all 3 but they each offer different advantages and disadvantages from a marketing perspective. Digital is relatively cheap compared to broadcast and print as well as being more flexible in that it is easier to update quickly to respond to changes. Internet adverts can also incorporate games and entertainment which is more difficult with regular broadcast and not possible with print. Because internet adverts can be interactive they can also be more personalised and they can be location based. They can advertise something by accessing the location of consumers and targeting them very specifically. Many companies already do this by pinging to mobile phones in the area that the customer is in. The biggest setback to internet advertising is that consumers can view them as intrusive. Pop-ups suffer more consumer complaints than other types of advertising, internet or other (Baines Fill, 2014). Furthermore, research comparing old and new media channels in respect of their attributes and to determine effectiveness found that the traditional broadcast and print channels were still perceived by consumers, including younger consumers, as more reliable and trustworthy in their messaging (Danaher Rossiter, 2011). Further research supports that by Dan aher Rossiter referred to above, in concluding that the most effective advertising channels are the traditional media of television and direct mail and that although these are still the most expensive, the expense appeared to be worthwhile. Radio was found to be consistently effective whereas online display ads were consistently ineffective (Danaher Dagger, 2013). CONCLUSION This is a rapidly changing environment for businesses and their consumers. Some believe that successful companies will engage customers through omnichannel retailing: a mashup of digital and physical experiences (Rigby, 2011). The world today is an offers a wide range of easily accessible information for consumers and businesses and it is easy to imagine how ideas and interactions can lead to greater success for businesses if they can find the right balance to address the consumers and deliver to their expectations. Each marketing tool and media channel has advantages and disadvantages and the reality is that effective marketing should look to an appropriate combination of the promotional mix delivered via a range of media to ensure that it makes the right offer to consumers using the most effective method to deliver its message. References Baines, P. Fill, C., 2014. Marketing. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Danaher, P. J. Dagger, T. S., 2013. Comparing the Relative Effectiveness of Advertising Channels. Journal of Marketing Research, 50(4), pp. 517-534. Danaher, P. J. Rossiter, J. R., 2011. Comparing perceptions of marketing communication channels. European Journal of Marketing, 45(1/2), pp. 6-42. Dibb, S., Simkin, L., Pride, W. M. Ferrell, O. C., 2012. Marketing: Concepts Strategies. 6th ed. Andover: Cengage Learning EMEA. Fahy, J. Jobber, D., 2012. Foundations of Marketing. 4th ed. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education. Ghauri, P. N. Cateora, P., 2014. International Marketing. 4th ed. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education. Jobber, D. Ellis-Chadwick, F., 2013. Principles and Practice of Marketing. 7th ed. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education. Kitchen, P. J., 1993. Public Relations: A Rationale for Its Development and Usage within UK Fast-moving Consumer Goods Firms. European Journal of Ma rketing, 27(7), pp. 53-75. Mohr, J., Sengupta, S. Slater, S., 2010. Marketing of High-Technology Products and Innovations. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Pringle, H., 2004. Celebrity Sells. 1st ed. Chichester: Wiley. Rigby, D., 2011. The Future of Shopping. Harvard Business Review, 89(12), pp. 64-75. Sunday, A. Bayode, B., 2011. Strategic Influence of Promotional Mix on Organisation Sale Turnover in the Face of Strong Competitors. Management Marketing Craiova, Issue 1, pp. 67-76. Thwaites, D., Lowe, B., Monkhouse, L. L. Barnes, B. R., 2012. The Impact of Negative Publicity on Celebrity Ad Endorsements. Psychology Marketing, 29(9), pp. 663-673. Wall Street Journal, 2007. Marketing Media. Wall Street Journal (eastern Edition), p. B.2.

The Kingdom of Mali and the Splendor of Medieval Africa

History of Europe in the middle ages is often misunderstood or dismissed by otherwise intelligent, educated individuals. The medieval era of those nations outside of Europe is doubly ignored, first for its disreputable time frame (the dark ages), and then for its apparent lack of direct impact on modern western society. Africa in the Middle Ages Such is the case with Africa in the middle ages, a fascinating field of study that suffers from the further insult of racism. With the unavoidable exception of Egypt, the history of Africa before the incursion of Europeans has in the past been dismissed, erroneously and at times deliberately, as inconsequential to the development of modern society. Fortunately, some scholars are working to correct this grave error. The study of medieval African societies has value, not only because we can learn from all civilizations in all time frames, but because these societies reflected and influenced a myriad of cultures that, due to the Diaspora that began in the 16th century, have spread throughout the modern world. The Kingdom of Mali One of these fascinating and near-forgotten societies is the medieval Kingdom of Mali, which thrived as a dominant power in West Africa from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century. Founded by the Mande-speaking Mandinka people, early Mali  was governed by a council of caste-leaders who chose a ​Mansa to rule. In time, the position of Mansa evolved into a more powerful role similar to a king or emperor. According to tradition, Mali was suffering from a fearful drought when a visitor told the king, Mansa Barmandana, that the drought would break if he converted to Islam. This he did, and as predicted the drought did end. Other Mandinkans followed the kings lead and converted as well, but the Mansa did not force a conversion, and many retained their Mandinkan beliefs. This religious freedom would remain throughout the centuries to come as Mali emerged as a powerful state. The man primarily responsible for Malis rise to prominence is Sundiata Keita. Although his life and deeds have taken on legendary proportions, Sundiata was no myth but a talented military leader. He led a successful rebellion against the oppressive rule of Sumanguru, the Susu leader who had taken control of the Ghanaian  Empire. After the Susu downfall, Sundiata laid claim to the lucrative gold and salt trade that had been so significant to Ghanaian prosperity. As Mansa, he established a cultural exchange system whereby the sons and daughters of prominent leaders would spend time in foreign courts, thus promoting understanding and a better chance of peace among nations. Upon Sundiatas death in 1255 his son, Wali, not only continued his work but made great strides in agricultural development. Under Mansa Walis rule, the competition was encouraged among trading centers such as Timbuktu and Jenne, strengthening their economic positions and allowing them to develop into important centers of culture. Mansa Musa Next to Sundiata, the most well-known and possibly the greatest ruler of Mali was Mansa Musa. During his 25-year reign, Musa doubled the territory of the Malian Empire and tripled its trade. Because he was a devout Muslim, Musa made a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324, astonishing the peoples he visited with his wealth and generosity. So much gold did Musa introduce into circulation in the middle east that it took about a dozen years for the economy to recover. Gold was not the only form of Malian riches. Early Mandinka society venerated creative arts, and this did not change as Islamic influences helped to shape Mali. Education was also highly valued; Timbuktu was a significant center of learning with several prestigious schools. This intriguing blend of economic wealth, cultural diversity, artistic endeavors, and higher learning resulted in a splendid society to rival any contemporary European nation. Malian society had its drawbacks, yet it is important to view these aspects in their historical setting. Slavery  was an integral part of the economy at a time when the institution had declined (yet still existed) in Europe; but the European serf was rarely better off than a slave, bound by law to the land. By todays standards, justice could be harsh in Africa, but no harsher than European medieval punishments. Women had very few rights, but such was certainly true in Europe as well, and Malian women, just like European women, were at times able to participate in business (a fact that disturbed and surprised Muslim chroniclers). War was not unknown on either continent, just as today. After the death of Mansa Musa, the Kingdom of Mali went into a slow decline. For another century its civilization held sway in West Africa until Songhay established itself as a dominant force in the 1400s. Traces of medieval Malis greatness still remain, but those traces are fast disappearing as the unscrupulous plunder the archaeological remains of the regions wealth. Mali is just one of many African societies whose past deserves a closer look. We hope to see more scholars explore this long-ignored field of study, and more of us open our eyes to the splendor of Medieval Africa.

Sons and Lovers by D.H. Lawrence Essays - 6130 Words

Sons and Lovers by D.H. Lawrence THE PLOT In the rolling hills and coal-pitted fields of central England, known as the British Midlands, live the Morels, a poor mining family. The family has just moved down in the world from the nearby village of Bestwood to the Bottoms, a complex of working-class row houses. Gertrude Morel is a small, stern woman, pregnant with her third child, Paul, the protagonist of this novel. The Morels other children are William and Annie. But unlike his siblings, Paul is not wanted by his mother. The poverty-stricken household cannot easily handle another hungry mouth to feed. Walter Morel, Pauls father, is a hard-working coal miner with a lively spirit and a severe drinking problem. Mr. and†¦show more content†¦On a holiday visit to the farm of family friends, Paul meets his first sweetheart, Miriam Leivers. At first, Miriam means far less to Paul than do the other members of the Leivers family, whom he visits frequently. In the city, William works endlessly to support his fiancees extravagant whims. He resents Gyps frivolity and stupidity but is sexually enthralled by her. She satisfies his passion, without loosening his mothers hold on his heart and mind. The conflict between Williams attraction to Gyp and his devotion to Mrs. Morel eventually undermines his health. He dies of pneumonia in his cold, lonely London flat. Now all Mrs. Morels passions and aspirations pour into Paul. As he becomes the centre of his mothers universe, he truly begins to live. The Leivers become like a second family to Paul. Soon, the daughter Miriam grows closest to the sensitive, artistic youth. The two share long, idyllic walks through the countryside, talking and reading to each other. Paul helps Miriam overcome her many physical fears, such as climbing fences and letting the barnyard chickens eat out of her hand. He teaches her French and algebra, opening up a new, exciting world. Miriam appeals to Pauls own growing mysticism and creativity and loves nurturing Pauls artistic growth. They experience an intense relationship but dont know how to express it physically. As Paul grows into manhood, he finds hisShow MoreRelatedNature in Sons and Lovers by D.H. Lawrence2490 Words   |  10 PagesLetters of D.H. Lawrence, (Aldous Huxley, 1932) declared that Lawrence was ‘above all a great literary artist†¦one of the greatest English writers of any time.’ Born in Eastwood near Nottingham, England on the 11th of September, 1885, D. H. Lawrence wrote novels that presented the dehumanizing effect of industrial culture and preached a glorified union with nature along with its corollary, sexual fulfilment. His experience growing up in a coal-mining family provided much of the inspiration for Sons and LoversRead More Sons and Lovers as Bildungsroman Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesSons and Lovers as Bildungsroman      Ã‚  Ã‚  As a twentieth century novelist, essayist, and poet, David Herbert Lawrence brought the subjects of sex, psychology, and religion to the forefront of literature. One of the most widely read novels of the twentieth century, Sons and Lovers, which Lawrence wrote in 1913, produces a sense of Bildungsroman1, where the novelist re-creates his own personal experiences through the protagonist in (Niven 115). Lawrence uses Paul Morel, the protagonist in Sons andRead More D.h. Lawrence Essay757 Words   |  4 Pagespoet, D.H. Lawrence was born September 11, 1885, in Nottingham, England. He was the son of a coal miner and a school teacher. His mother, the school teacher, was socially superior. She constantly tried to alienate her children from their father. The difference in social status between his parent’s was a recurrent motif in Lawrence’s fiction. David Herbert was ranked among the most influential and controversial literary figures of the Victorian Period. In his more than forty books, Lawrence celebratedRead MoreSons And Lovers : Psychoanalytic Criticism Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesSons and Lovers: Psychoanalytic Criticism David Herbert Lawrence was born September 11, 1885 in a small coal mining village in Nottingham, England. He was the fourth child of Arthur and Lydia Lawrence. Arthur was a coal miner who worked in the mine from age ten until he was sixty-six. Lydia the more educated out of the two was born into a lower-middle class family; this changed when her father suffered a financial disaster. She passed down to her sons the profound desire to move out of the workingRead MoreAuthentically Portrayed Women in Literature Essay2165 Words   |  9 Pageshis novels Lady Chatterley’s Lover and Sons and Lovers, D.H. Lawrence illuminates dimensions of a woman’s soul not often explored in literature. In Lady Chatterley’s Lover, the title character, Lady Constance Chatterley, known as Connie, is the driving force of the novel’s plot. She is a woman seeking sexual fulfillment, and in so doing she becomes an emblem of one of the novel’s major themes: attaining completeness (Squires in Lawrence, Lady 1994 xxi). Lawrence directs Connie’s actions towardRead MorePsychoanalytic Criticism Of Sons And Lovers1597 Words   |  7 PagesDavid Herbert Lawrence was born September 11, 1885 in a small coal mining village in Nottingham, England. He was the fourth child of Arthur and Lydia Lawrence. Arthur was a coal miner who worked in the mine from age 10 until he was 66. Lydia the more educated out of the two was born into a lower-middle class family; this changed when her father suffered a financial disaster. She passed down to her sons the profound desire to move out of the working class by expressing her dissatisfaction with herRead MoreSons And Lovers : Mrs.More ls Inflence1237 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿D.H. Lawrence s novel Sons and Lovers explores the significant family and companionate relationships of early adulthood. Unfortunately, and possibly unbeknownst to Lawrence himself, the relationships in the novel are often abusive, triangulated, and otherwise inappropriate. Many of these distorted connections may stem from the unconscious and cyclical perceptions of love by the characters. In D.H. Lawrence s novel, Sons and Lovers, each character s view of love is shaped by observing his parentsRead MoreMrs. and Mr.Morel Relationship.898 Words   |  4 Pagessocial condition. We see this pattern of the modern novel clearly followed in the Walter-Gertrude relationship as we see them fall in love, as well as witness the absence of the fulfilment of that love for either of them. The narrative of D.H. Lawrence’s â€Å"Sons and Lovers† is on one level a story of a marriage but at the same time it raises the question of whether it is really a marriage at all. We are introduced to the Walter-Gertrude relationship years after they have been married and have even hadRead More D.H. Lawrence Essay943 Words   |  4 Pagesa peaceful simple people.  Ã‚  D.H. Lawrence found this culture a wonder, and he portrays it in â€Å"Mornings in Mexico.†Ã‚  Ã‚  D.H. traveled all around the world and found that New Mexico was his favorite place.  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mornings in Mexico† by David Herbert Lawrence reflects upon the culture, religion, and other â€Å"white† influences over the people that the work portrays. David Herbert Lawrence was born on September 11th, 1885.  Ã‚  He was the fourth child and he had two older brothers.  Ã‚  D.H. was always second to his olderRead More The Oedipus Complex in Literature Essays3480 Words   |  14 Pagesthe parent of the opposite sex and hostile or jealous feelings toward the parent of the same sex that develop usually between the ages of three and six and that may be a source of adult personality disorder when unresolved (Merriam-Webster). In Sons and Lovers, Paul Morel demonstrates the classic symptoms of the Oedipus complex. Paul and his father’s relationship is destroyed early in his life. His father was not around to be a role model; and, as a result, Paul developed a strong love for his mother

The Council of Trent and the Catholic Reformation free essay sample

Thesis which within weeks will spread all across the Holy Roman Empire and beyond. Of all the trials that had faced the Catholic Church over the last two centuries, none was more damaging then the Reformation. Faced with the spreading support of Lutheranism by the people and princes of the Empire, the Church required an overhaul unheard of since the Council of Nicaea. After a long delay caused by the inaction of Pope Leo X and conflict with France and the Holy Roman Empire, Pope Paul III (1534-49) called for what becomes known as the Council of Trent. Meeting on and off between 1545-1563, the Council discussed the issues regarding corruption and immorality that had eroded much of its status as the leader of Christian Europe. This part was the Catholic Reformation, the attempt to restore the Church to the moral respectability and social power it had not wielded since the Crusades. We will write a custom essay sample on The Council of Trent and the Catholic Reformation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, the Council also meets to re-affirm the Churches positions on doctoral questions posed by the Protestants, marking the first firm stand the Church makes against the tide of Protestantism. Before any talk of reform can be made, it is necessary to understand the reasons why people felt it was needed. It is also necessary to understand the position of the Church on the eve of the Reformation. The 16th century Church was still recovering from the Great Schism (1378-1413) between the papacy’s claimants in of Rome and Avignon. At its height, the Schism had three pontiffs all claiming the papacy and a diplomatic crisis forming as nations lined up behind the different claimants. Although the Schism ended in 1413 with the election of Martin V (666), the dispute shocks the faith of much of Western Europe’s population, especially since this is when many of the worst Church problems emerge. At the lowest level, there were the parish priests and the monastic orders that people were exposed to every day. Before the rise of the Jesuit Order in the mid 16th century, the average parish priest was little better off than his parishioners. Nearly all of them were illiterate in Latin, the language of Mass, a central part of Catholic life. Even if he was literate and spoken in Latin, it made no difference to the parishioners who attended Mass and listened to what sounded like (and oftentimes was) gibberish. Another complaint was the unusual number of priests who kept â€Å"housekeepers,† often women of marriageable age. Even the religious orders of monks and friars, normally the finest examples of Medieval Christianity, were suffering from worldliness, low numbers, and outright corruption. The lack of clerical celibacy was common at all levels of the Catholic hierarchy, but for reformers, this was only the tip of the iceberg. When one looks up the Catholic hierarchy, the scale of the problem is greatly magnified. As a result of generations of land donations from wealthy laypeople, the Church came to possess a great deal of land, which generated lots of revenue for the bishops and archbishops. Indeed, many of these Churchmen lived like, and more often than not acted like princes, often neglecting their spiritual duties in the process. At the highest levels there were three activities that set them apart from the lower clergy, and one which would have dire implications. One was simony, the purchase and sale of church offices. This was a problem throughout the clergy, and only became a serious problem when Leo X’s predecessors in the mid 15th century had conceded the power to make the appointments, the power of investiture, to the strengthening monarchs of Europe in exchange for their support. Simony would play a role in the rise of Protestantism along with two other issues plaguing the higher management; plurality and absenteeism. A Catholic bishop is required by Church law to in the diocese he represents; as such he can only have one office at a time. As the 15th century closed and the 16th century went on, these restrictions were flouted regularly, especially by the wealthiest Church leaders. One of these was Albert of Mainz, who was cash poor after buying his new diocese in Magdeburg for his new position in the in the College of Cardinals. He later borrowed an equally massive amount ducts for the purchase of the office of bishop of Mainz, a debt that he arranged with Pope Leo X to pay back through the sale of Indulgences. An Indulgence is a certificate that is given to a penitent in exchange for a â€Å"donation† to the Church that depended on the sin. Indulgences had been used before as a form of quick revenue, but the claims made by the bishop’s chief salesmen, a Dominican friar named Johann Tetzel, were beyond what doctrine claimed they were. Tetzel highlights this new claim in his most remembered slogan â€Å"Once the coin in coffer rings a soul from purgatory springs. † These claims proved too much for Professor Martin Luther at the University of Wittenberg, who quickly made his concerns known. The Protestant Reformation began n 1517; the Council of Trent did not meet until 1545. By this time, much of northern and central Europe was now protestant. In the years between the excommunication of Luther in 1521, there had calls for a meeting of high Churchmen to reform the Church, thus depriving Protestants of one of their main issues. Reformist clergy were very vocal in their desire for such a council, but they were not the only ones. Secular Catholics such as Holy Roman Emperor Charles V were also strong in their support for calling a council, although initially everyone saw something different in the Reformation. Charles V especially wanted a peaceful solution, both as a very devout Catholic, and as King of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire because it was his territory which were being destabilized by Luther’s teachings, and flare-ups of violence were not uncommon within the Empire, as well as the Spanish Netherlands. Pope Leo X refused to call for a council however, due to his attention being diverted to politics in the Italian Peninsula and the designs of French King Francis I on northern Italy. Pope Paul III (1534-1549), a reform-minded Pontiff, was willing to do what Leo X would not, and in 1542 he called for the assembly of a council in Mantua. By this time, not only had parts of Germany and the Spanish Netherlands fallen to the Protestants, but also England and the Scandinavian countries. Emperor Charles V resisted the idea however, because he wanted the Council to meet in Imperial territory. A compromise was struck, and the venue moved to the city of Trent, an Italian city controlled by the Empire. The Council met on and off for eighteen years, from 1545 to 1563. However, the dates of the Council show they were not meeting for much of the time inactive for most of the time, which can be broken into three short periods: 1545-1547, 1551-1552, and 1562-1563. The Council met for only four of those eighteen years, and they spanned the lives of five popes: Paul III, Julius III, Marcellus II, Paul IV, and Pius IV. The reason behind the frequent disruptions and postponements of the Council was most often disagreement between the pope and Charles V on what subjects would be discussed; doctrine first or reform first? the pope’s policies toward Charles’ war with France, and the fortunes of the ongoing conflict. Francis I, the Valois king of France, proved even less cooperative then Charles, first wholly refusing to attend the Council, going so far as to forbid the publishing of the bull of convocation in his Kingdom, and initially refusing to allow French bishops to attend the various sessions. Francis’ agenda was one of completely blocking the rise of Charles’ Hapsburg Empire in European politics. Francis went so far as to ally himself with the Protestant Elector of Saxony, a sign to the pope that France would favor its own national interests over those of the Churches. For his part, Charles also wanted peace with the Protestants, although for reasons different than those of France. Whereas Francis was relying partially on Protestant support as a strategy in the ongoing conflicts between France and the Empire, Charles wanted peace because of how badly divided the Empire was and would continue to be so long as Catholics and Protestants continued to fight each other. At the Council, he was pushing for less of an emphasis on doctrinal questions, which neither side would compromise one in favor of discussing reform, thinking that such a move could soften tensions with Protestants with signs of substantial Church reform, and that this would make it easier for the Protestants to negotiate doctrine more amiably. Ultimately, there were two issues the Council met to address: the avocation of reform and the condemnation of the Protestant heretics. In the immediate background, though, were the issues of conciliation, as both sides wanted a compromise with the Protestants to further their own ends, and nationalism, which explains why the council took so long to assemble and took so long to reconvene. The Italians, who were the majority of attendees at the Council, were less interested in conciliation then France and the HRE, but only because they knew that the doctrinal breach of the Protestants was too large to bridge. The Council of Trent would walk a tightrope between these competing issues from start to finish. Once the Council underway, there were questions about how they would continue to proceed and what direction they would take. Paul III wanted the Council to start with doctrinal questions first, than the Council could take up reform. Over the objections of Charles V, Paul III reached a Compromise under which both doctrine and reform were addressed simultaneously. Charles V wanted it the other way. So what decisions did the Council come to and how effective were they in stemming the tide of Protestantism? The Council of Trent, despite occasional periods of long disbandment made many decisions for the church when it was in session in an effort to establish the traditions and doctrines of the church, as well as to correct the corruption within it. Because of politics, leadership changes in the Vatican, and a war between France and the HRE, the Council of Trent lasted for 18 years from (1545-63). There were three periods when they convened for a total of 25 sessions between them. The first period of the Council of Trent (1545-1547) was convened by Pope Paul III and covers sessions 1-10. The decrees of this period of the Council of Trent deal primarily with the affirmation of doctrine concerning the proper use of scripture. Amongst the most important things to come from this period is the reaffirmation of the Latin bible and that only the clergy can truly understand its message. This is to strike at one of Martin Luther’s great achievements. While in hiding in Castle Wartburg, Luther worked to translate the bible into vernacular German, on his belief that people do not a priest to understand god. Instead, they can read the Bible for themselves and come to their own conclusion. Also included is the reaffirmation of good works as necessary for absolution of sins. Amongst the decrees for reform, the councilmen call for the bishops to see that the priests are learned enough to use Latin, and if not to either hire someone to teach them, or get someone else to preach in his place. Even if the people cannot understand Latin, a literate parish priest can speak loud and with authority rather than quietly mutter gibberish from the alter that feels close enough to Latin. The Church only was to have the right to interpret the Bible, good works were also needed to obtain salvation, and Bishops and priests were to preach regularly. This session also reaffirmed the seven sacraments. The second session (May 1, 1551-April 28, 1552), was convened by Pope Julius III and was not as successful as the other two. It may have done more, but it was cut short by the defeat of Emperor Charles V by a Protestant force under Maurice, Elector of Saxony in the neighboring region of Tirol. It was further held up by the death of Marcellus II, and the election of the staunch arch-Catholic Paul IV, who does not re-convene the Council. As it only came up with few reaffirmations. They upheld the importance of the Eucharist as a sacrament, and in the same way, they would uphold the doctrine of transubstantiation. This is another example of the Church clarifying its position in comparison to the Protestants, making reconciliation close to impossible. The third session of the Council of Trent (Jan, 1559-Dec, 1563) was convened by Pope Pius IV. This is the final period of the Council of Trent, and they shift their focus to the clergy and there competence. For a long time, many people in Europe probably thought clerical celibacy was a bad joke. From the parish priest and his housekeeper to Alexander VI, who is widely believed to have slept with his own daughter. By taking carnal sins amongst the clergy more serious, it goes a long way towards rebuilding the confidence of your worshipers. Also, the veneration of images and relics was upheld, and the Pope was distinguished as the Vicar of Christ on earth, and The Council of Trent essentially put the Pope in a much stronger position than before. Astoundingly, the doctrine of indulgences, a major cause of the Lutheran revolt, was reaffirmed. Another reform not mentioned was adding the Index of Prohibited Books in 1559. This was added with the intention of preventing heretical ideas from â€Å"corrupting† those who still remain in the Catholic Church. They also have a decree for the establishment of standardized selection processes for the bishops and Cardinals, making simony considerably less problematic. Just to make it better for the churchgoing laypeople, the priest should now explain why the sacraments are important and how they work. This also applies to the scripture, but the most important change is that these explanations are to be in vernacular. While the mass is still in Latin, the themes and messages that the stories are trying to tell can be explained by the priest. Not only does this serve to reinforce in the minds of the parishioners the importance of the seven sacraments, but it removes a critical barrier to understanding, making you feel much more involved in the service then you otherwise would be. So how did the Council of Trent do for the Church? Most of the reforms of the Council of Trent benefited the Church, but there were corrupt holdouts such as Indulgences that were reaffirmed. The Council of Trent reaffirmed the seven sacraments, and improved the mass with vernacular explanations, to bring the Church back to where it always had been, as well as create new enthusiasm in the Catholic populations. Many major elements of the Church, such as the position of the pope and the need to do good works were reaffirmed to, yet the Doctrine that started all of the Reformation, the Doctrine of Indulgences was also reaffirmed. This time, the Council was careful to set what an Indulgence could forgive. Although this doctrine was not entirely corrupt in nature, it was just too profitable o throw away entirely. The Council of Trent was established by the Catholic Church a way to firmly establish what its doctrine is following the initial chaos of the Protestant Revolution. It was a way to clean out many entrenched systems of corruption. It was partially a reaction to issues raised by Protestant reformers. The reforms of the Council of Trent generally strengthened the Church hierarchy, empowered the pope, and re energized Catholic Europe now assured of their Church, old as it was, was not going anywhere.